Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{about|the U.S. state|other uses||}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Minnesota
| image_flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg <!-- do not replace with new flag until the official date -->
| flag_link = Flag of Minnesota
| image_seal = State Seal of Minnesota.svg
| seal_link = Seal of Minnesota
| nicknames = Land of 10,000 Lakes;<br />North Star State; Gopher State
| motto = {{lang|fr|[[L'Étoile du Nord]]}} (French: The Star of the North)
| anthem = "[[Hail! Minnesota]]"
| image_map = Minnesota in United States.svg
| OfficialLang = none
| Languages = * [[English language|English]] 88.9%
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
*[[Somali language|Somali]]
* [[Hmong language|Hmong]]<ref name="Immigration Language MN"/>
| population_demonym = Minnesotan
| LargestCity = [[Minneapolis]]
| LargestCounty = [[Hennepin County|Hennepin]]
| seat = [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]
| LargestMetro = [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]]
| area_rank = 12th
| area_total_sq_mi = 86,935.83
| area_total_km2 = 225,163
| width_mi = 200–350
| width_km = 320–560
| length_mi = about 400
| length_km = 640
| area_water_percent = 8.40
| Latitude = 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
| Longitude = 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
| population_rank = 22nd
| population_as_of = 2023
| 2010Pop = 5,737,915<ref name="2023 Estimate">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |work=QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 Estimate |access-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213024646/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2000DensityUS = 68.9 <!--2015 estimate-->
| 2000Density = 26.6 <!--2015 estimate-->
| population_density_rank = 36th (2020 census)
| MedianHouseholdIncome = $74,593<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=May 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|13th]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn|name = NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}
| elevation_max_ft = 2,301
| elevation_max_m = 701
| elevation_ft = 1,200
| elevation_m = 370
| elevation_min_point = [[Lake Superior]]<ref name=USGS />{{efn|name=NAVD88}}<ref>[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png "Lake Superior Water Levels"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807223014/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png |date=August 7, 2016}}, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Updated daily.</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 183
| elevation_min_ft = 602
| Former = Minnesota Territory
| AdmittanceDate = May 11, 1858
| AdmittanceOrder = 32nd State in the Union
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Tim Walz]] ([[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)}}
| Legislature = [[Minnesota Legislature]]
| Upperhouse = [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Minnesota Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Amy Klobuchar]] (DFL)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Tina Smith]] (DFL)}}
| Representative = 4 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]<br />4 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset1 = – 06:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = – 05:00
| iso_code = US-MN
| postal_code = MN
| TradAbbreviation = Minn.
| website = MN.gov
| area_land_sq_mi = 79,626.74
| area_land_km2 = 206,232
| area_water_sq_mi = 7,309.09
| area_water_km2 = 18,930
| Capital = Saint Paul, Minnesota
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
<!--http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/Symbols.aspx-->
|state = Minnesota
|bird = [[Common loon]]
|butterfly = [[Monarch butterfly|Monarch]]
|fish = [[Walleye]]
|flower = [[Cypripedium reginae|Pink-and-white lady's slipper]]
|mushroom = [[Common morel]] (''Morchella esculenta'')
|tree = [[Norway pine]]<ref name="StateSymbolsUSA">{{cite web |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |title=Minnesota State Tree – Red Pine (Norway Pine) |date=October 11, 2014 |publisher=State Symbols USA |access-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200203/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|beverage = [[Milk]]
|food = {{ubl
|'''Fruit:''' [[Honeycrisp]] apple
|'''Muffin:''' [[Blueberry]]
|'''Mushroom:''' [[Morel]]
}}
|gemstone = [[Lake Superior agate]]
|other = '''Photograph:''' [[Grace (photograph)|Grace]]
| image_quarter = 2005 MN Proof.png
| quarter_release_date = 2005
}}
'''Minnesota''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Native Minnesotan Pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|m|ɪ|n|ə|ˈ|s|oʊ|t|ə}} {{respell|MIN|ə|SOH|tə}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[upper midwest|Upper Midwest]]ern region of the [[United States]]. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|12th largest U.S. state in area]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|22nd most populous]], with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes" for having more than 14,000 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres each;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=John A. |date=May 17, 2021 |title=Minnesota: Land of How Many Lakes? |url=https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-information/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101204342/https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-info/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes |archive-date=January 1, 2023 |website=Minnesota Sea Grant}}</ref> roughly a third of the state is [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|forested]]; much of the remainder is [[prairie]] and farmland. More than 60% of Minnesotans (about 3.7 million) live in the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]] metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", the state's main [[Politics of Minnesota|political]], [[Economy of Minnesota|economic]], and [[Culture of Minnesota|cultural]] hub<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Estimates: Latest annual estimates of Minnesota and its Economic Development Regions' population and households, 2021 |url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/ |website=Population Data |publisher=Minnesota State Demographic Center |access-date=May 13, 2019 |date=August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513130752/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/ |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S.]] Other minor [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan]] and [[Micropolitan statistical area|micropolitan]] statistical areas include [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]], [[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], and [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=January 2017|title=Greater Minnesota Refined & Revisited|url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412030707/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=May 13, 2019|website=Greater Minnesota Status Report|publisher=Minnesota State Demographic Center}}</ref>
Minnesota, which gets its name from the [[Dakota language]], has been inhabited by various [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous peoples]] since the [[Woodland period]] of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous [[Hopewell tradition]] emerged: the [[Laurel complex]] in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the [[Mississippi River Valley]] in the south. The [[Upper Mississippian|Upper Mississippian culture]], consisting of the [[Oneota]] people and other [[Siouan]] speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and [[missionaries]] were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the [[Dakota people|Dakota]], [[Ojibwe]], and various [[Anishinaabe]] tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the [[Louisiana Territory|vast French holding of Louisiana]], which [[Louisiana Purchase|the United States purchased]] in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the [[Minnesota Territory]] was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota's official motto, {{lang|fr|L'Étoile du Nord}} ("The Star of the North") is the only [[List of U.S. state and territory mottos|state motto]] in [[French language|French]]; this phrase was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state's early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.
As part of the [[American frontier]], Minnesota attracted settlers and [[Homestead Acts|homesteaders]] from across the country. Its growth was initially based on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from [[Scandinavia]], Germany, and [[Central Europe]]; many were linked to the failed [[revolutions of 1848]], which partly influenced the state's development as a center of [[American labor movement|labor and social activism]].<ref name="The transition of a new world Bohemia.">{{cite web|last1=Jerabek|first1=Esther|title=The transition of a new world Bohemia.|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf|access-date=May 10, 2020|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224051452/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Minnesota's rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated [[Progressive Era|major social, economic, and political changes]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of [[Labor rights in the United States|labor rights]], [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]], and political reform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Backerud |first=Thomas K. |date=August 26, 2014 |title=What it meant to be 'progressive' in turn-of-the-century Minnesota |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202657/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |website=MinnPost |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, Minnesota is unique among Midwestern states in being a relative stronghold of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier |first=Eric |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Republicans and Democrats Have Record Presidential Winning Streaks in 36 States |url=https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2015/09/03/republicans-and-democrats-have-record-presidential-winning-streaks-in-36-states/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190857/https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2015/09/03/republicans-and-democrats-have-record-presidential-winning-streaks-in-36-states/ |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |website=Smart Politics |language=en-US}}</ref>
Since the late 20th century, Minnesota's economy has diversified away from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care; it is consequently one of the richest states in terms of GDP and per capita income. Minnesota is home to 11 federally recognized [[Indian reservation|Native American reservations]] (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and its culture, demographics, and religious landscape reflect [[Scandinavian American|Scandinavian]] and [[German Americans|German]] influence. In more recent decades, the state has become more multicultural, driven by both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the [[Horn of Africa]], and the Middle East; the state has the nation's largest population of [[History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Somali Americans]] and second-largest [[History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Hmong community]].<ref name="MNHmong">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Mai Na M. |date=October 5, 2021 |title=Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota |url=https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006025521/https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |website=MNopedia}}</ref> Minnesota's [[Standard of living in the United States|standard of living]] and level of education are among the highest in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frohlich |first1=Thomas |last2=Hess |first2=Alexander E.M. |last3=Kent |first3=Alexander |last4=Serenbetz |first4=Robert |date=September 23, 2014 |title=America's Most (and Least) Educated States |url=http://247wallst.com/special-report/2014/09/23/americas-most-and-least-educated-states/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020651/http://247wallst.com/special-report/2014/09/23/americas-most-and-least-educated-states/2/ |archive-date=February 3, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2015 |website=24/7 WallStreet}}</ref> and it is ranked among the best states in metrics such as employment, median income, safety, and governance.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota# Minnesota Rankings and Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622182544/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota |date=June 22, 2021 }} | US News Best States</ref>
== Etymology ==
The word ''Minnesota'' comes from the [[Dakota language|Dakota]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Good Question: How Did Minnesota Get Its Name? |url=https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2015/05/11/good-question-how-did-minnesota-get-its-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716234507/https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2015/05/11/good-question-how-did-minnesota-get-its-name/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=September 9, 2019 |website=CBS Minnesota}}</ref> name for the [[Minnesota River]], which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: "{{Lang|dak|mní sóta}}", which means "clear blue water",<ref>New Lakota dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium (2008).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630 |title=Mnisota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002143839/https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630 |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |work=Dakota Dictionary Online |publisher=University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies |date=2010 |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> or "{{Lang|dak|Mníssota}}", which means "cloudy water".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1631 |title=Mnisota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200616/https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1631 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |work=Dakota Dictionary Online |publisher=University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies |date=2010 |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="mnhs-name">{{cite web | title = Minnesota State | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | url = http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/otheritem.cfm?PlaceNameID=2007&BookCodeID=67&County=0&SendingPage=Results.cfm | access-date = April 26, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070901215624/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/otheritem.cfm?PlaceNameID=2007&BookCodeID=67&County=0&SendingPage=Results.cfm | archive-date = September 1, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Early explorers interpreted the Dakota name for the Minnesota River in different ways, and four spellings of the state's name were considered before settling on "Minnesota" in 1849, when the Territory of Minnesota was formed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Origin and History of the Minnesota Place Name |last=Sandy | first=John H. |date=January 4, 2024 | url = https://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/13032 | access-date = 2024-01-25 }}</ref> [[Dakota people]] demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it ''{{Lang|dak|mní sóta}}''.<ref name="mnhs-name" /> Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as [[Minnehaha Falls]] ("curling water" or waterfall), [[Minneiska, Minnesota|Minneiska]] ("white water"), [[Minneota, Minnesota|Minneota]] ("much water"), [[Lake Minnetonka|Minnetonka]] ("big water"), [[Minnetrista, Minnesota|Minnetrista]] ("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, a [[hybrid word]] combining Dakota ''{{Lang|dak|mní}}'' ("water") and ''-{{Lang|el-latn|polis}}'' ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "city").<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnehaha Creek | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | url = http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm | access-date = April 26, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430112357/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm | archive-date = April 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Minnesota}}
[[File:Minnesota Territory 1849.svg|thumb|left|Map of [[Minnesota Territory]] 1849–1858]]
When Europeans arrived in North America, the [[Dakota people]] lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French [[voyageurs]], [[fur trade]]rs who arrived in the 17th century. They used the [[Grand Portage National Monument|Grand Portage]] to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The [[Anishinaabe]] (also known as [[Ojibwe]] or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,<ref name="timepieces">{{cite web | title = TimePieces | url = http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | access-date = September 19, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060917211935/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | archive-date = September 17, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and dislocated the [[Mdewakanton]] from their homelands along [[Mille Lacs Lake]]. Explorers such as [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut]], Father [[Louis Hennepin]], [[Jonathan Carver]], [[Henry Schoolcraft]], and [[Joseph Nicollet]] mapped the state.
The region was part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]] from 1762 to 1802.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase – History, Facts, & Map |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010249/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=December 31, 2014 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Charles |last2=Faber |first2=Lo |title=Spanish Colonial Louisiana |url=http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090342/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-date=February 19, 2018 |access-date=February 18, 2018 |website=Know Louisiana}}</ref> The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], when the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Second Treaty of Paris]] was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]], though the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] disputed the [[Red River Valley]] until the [[Treaty of 1818]], when the border on the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] was agreed upon.<ref name="Lass" /> In 1805 [[Zebulon Pike]] bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the [[confluence]] of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.<ref name="Gilman">{{cite book | title = The Story of Minnesota's Past | last = Gilman | first = Rhoda R. | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | date = July 1, 1991 | isbn = 978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> Its soldiers built a [[grist mill]] and a [[sawmill]] at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.<ref name="hfs">{{cite web | url = http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | title = Historic Fort Snelling | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | access-date = July 6, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231055/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | archive-date = July 16, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the [[Territory of Missouri]] that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory ([[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|1821–1834]]) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived [[Territory of Michigan]] (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848, Minnesota and Iowa were part of the [[Territory of Wisconsin]]. From 1838 to 1846, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the [[Territory of Iowa]]. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848. When Iowa gained statehood western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. [[Minnesota Territory]] was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,<ref>{{cite web |title=City History |url=http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027214559/http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |website=Welcome to the City of Crystal, MN}}</ref> was dominated by men of [[New England]] ancestry.<ref>New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112</ref> Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|32nd U.S. state]] on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed "the New England of the West".<ref>A Collection of Confusable Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309</ref><ref>Minnesota: A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202-203</ref><ref>Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West. With incidents of travel in that territory during the summer of 1849. With a map by E. S. SEYMOUR page xii</ref><ref>Northern Lights: The Stories of Minnesota's Past By Dave Kenney, Hillary Wackman, Nancy O'Brien Wagner page 94</ref>
[[File:Dakota War of 1862-stereo-right.jpg|thumb|upright|Mixed Dakota-Europeans who were rescued by "non-hostile" Dakota. The girl in the foreground wrapped in the striped blanket is Elise Robertson, the sister of Thomas Robertson, a mixed blood who acted as an intermediary between the Dakota and the European-Americans during the [[Dakota War of 1862]]|left]]
Treaties between the U.S. government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto [[Indian reservation|reservations]]. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the [[Dakota War of 1862]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kunnen-Jones |first=Marianne |title=Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising |publisher=University of Cincinnati |date=August 21, 2002 |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |access-date=June 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2008 }}</ref> The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of [[Little Crow]]'s eastern Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.<ref name="anderson2019">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). ''Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. P. 107 {{ISBN|978-0-8061-6434-2}}</ref> The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] by the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] in [[Dakota Territory]]. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into [[Rupert's Land]].<ref name="Lass">{{cite book | last = Lass | first = William E. | title = Minnesota: A History | edition = 2nd | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | year = 1998 | orig-date = 1977 | isbn = 978-0-393-04628-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8 }}</ref> As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.<ref>Steil, Mark and Tim Post. [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223010616/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml |date=February 23, 2018 }}. Minnesota Public Radio. September 26, 2002.</ref>
Minnesota Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] subsequently declared that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state"<ref>{{cite news|title=The controversial career of Minnesota's first territorial governor, Alexander Ramsey |work=MinnPost |first=Jayne |last=Becker |date=October 1, 2018 |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104233734/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/|archive-date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to [[Fort Snelling]] to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.<ref name="aftermath">{{cite news|title=U.S.-Dakota War's aftermath a 'dark moment' in Fort Snelling history "work=Pioneer Press |first=Nick |last=Woltman |date=May 2019 |url=https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227171951/https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/|archive-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> [[William Crooks (colonel)|William Crooks]], commander of [[6th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|6th Minnesota]], had a [[palisade]] erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |date=December 11, 2012 |first=John |last=Biewen |title=Part 10: Payback for the Dakota – banishment |publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203234241/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |title=Forced Marches & Imprisonment |work=The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 |date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |access-date=July 6, 2013 |archive-date=March 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320010318/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bounty">Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The US-Dakota War, Hamline University, C. Rotel, 2013,[https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210952/http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch|date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but [[Abraham Lincoln]] reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.<ref name="Lass"/>
In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal [[Indian Commissioner]]. His successor, Governor [[Henry Adoniram Swift|Henry Swift]], raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.<ref name="Bounty" /> Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the [[Treaty of Old Crossing]], whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.
Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of [[Pine City, Minnesota|Pine City]], [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]], [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]], and [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]] processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.<ref name="Lass" /> St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers'" or "clear" flour which it replaced.<ref>{{cite web| last =Hazen| first =Theodore R.| title =New Process Milling of 1850–70| publisher =Pond Lily Mill Restorations| url =http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| access-date =May 11, 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130619073151/http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| archive-date =June 19, 2013| url-status =live}}</ref> By 1900 Minnesota mills, led by [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]], [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company|Northwestern]], and the Washburn-Crosby Company (an ancestor of [[General Mills]]), were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Danbom, David B. |date=Spring 2003 | title = Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls | journal = Minnesota History | volume = 58 | issue = 5 | pages = 271–285}}</ref>
[[File:Phelpsmill ottertailcounty.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Phelps Mill]] in [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail County]]]]
The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the [[Vermilion Range (Minnesota)|Vermilion]] and [[Mesabi Range|Mesabi]] ranges in the 1880s, followed by the [[Cuyuna Range]] in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] and [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] for ship transport east via the [[Great Lakes]].<ref name="Lass" />
Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hit hard by the [[Great Depression]], resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. [[New Deal]] programs provided some economic turnaround. The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and [[native language]]s were no longer suppressed.<ref name="Gilman" />
After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of [[feedlot]]s for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as [[tractor]]s and [[combine harvester|combines]] became the norm. [[University of Minnesota]] professor [[Norman Borlaug]] contributed to these developments as part of the [[Green Revolution]].<ref name="Gilman" /> Increased mobility in turn enabled more specialized jobs.<ref name="Gilman" /> Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. [[Engineering Research Associates]] was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the [[United States Navy]]. It later merged with [[Remington Rand]], and then became [[Sperry Rand]]. [[William Norris (CEO)|William Norris]] left Sperry in 1957 to form [[Control Data Corporation]] (CDC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |title=Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959 |publisher=Hagley Museum and Library |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622021939/http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2006 }}</ref> [[Cray]] Research was formed when [[Seymour Cray]] left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker [[Medtronic]] also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949. The nonprofit [[Mayo Clinic]], which was founded in 1864 in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], grew to become one of the country's leading medical systems, and, by the 21st century, Minnesota's largest private employer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fye |first=W. Bruce |date=2010 |title=PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International "Medical Mecca" |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=323–357 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2010.0019 |issn=0007-5140 |jstor=44448967 |pmid=21037395 |s2cid=44839983}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoff |first=Jennifer |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Mayo Clinic, legislature standoff could lead to economic hit on Minnesota |url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=kare11.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026185320/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1957, the legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which became the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]] in 1967.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gilman |first=Rhoda R. |title=The Story of Minnesota's Past |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=1991 |isbn=0-87351-267-7 |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota}}</ref> In 1971, under Governor [[Wendell R. Anderson|Wendell Anderson]], a series of legislation called the "Minnesota Miracle" led to a broad reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Tom |title=Minnesota's miracle: learning from the government that worked |date=2012 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-8053-5 |location=Minneapolis, MN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kenney |first1=Dave |title=Minnesota in the 70s |last2=Saylor |first2=Thomas |date=2013 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=978-0-87351-900-7 |location=St. Paul, MN}}</ref> Two postwar Minnesota governors, former dentist [[Rudy Perpich]] and former professional wrestler [[Jesse Ventura]], attracted national attention for their unconventional manner, but both enjoyed some popularity within the state.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> After a period of mostly divided government during the 21st century, the DFL ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]]) gained control of all three branches of Minnesota's government and passed significant reforms in the [[93rd Minnesota Legislature|2023 legislative session]], moving the state in a progressive direction.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Bierschbach |first1=Briana |last2=Van Berkel |first2=Jessie |date=May 20, 2023 |title=Minnesota Legislature wrapping work on one of the most consequential sessions in state history |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521043216/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=Star Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Tom |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Minnesota Miracle 2.0? Not quite, but close enough. |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |access-date=June 18, 2023 |website=Star Tribune |archive-date=June 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618015110/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Minnesota}}
[[File:National-atlas-minnesota.svg|thumb|right|Scalable map of Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water]]
Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after [[Alaska]]) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated [[Northwest Angle]] in [[Lake of the Woods County]] is the only part of the 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states]] north of the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the [[Upper Midwest]] and part of North America's [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes region]]. It shares a [[Lake Superior]] water border with [[Michigan]] and a land and water border with [[Wisconsin]] to the east. [[Iowa]] is to the south, [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] are to the west, and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] are to the north. With {{convert|86,943|sqmi|km2}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Just the Facts |url=http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar |publisher=Minnesota North Star (official state government site). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401204836/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar |archive-date=April 1, 2009 }} Retrieved on July 4, 2009.</ref> or approximately 2.25% of the United States,<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Facts and figures |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615062217/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/us/minnesota-state-united-states-facts-figures.html |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2008 |publisher=Infoplease}}</ref> Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.<ref>{{cite web| title = Land and Water Area of States, 2008| publisher = Information Please| year = 2011| url = http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html| access-date = October 13, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720013202/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html| archive-date = July 20, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref>
=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of lakes in Minnesota|List of Minnesota rivers}}
[[File:StLouisRiver JayCooke.JPG|thumb|right|Tilted beds of the Middle [[Precambrian]] Thomson Formation in [[Jay Cooke State Park]]<ref name="MNGeog">{{cite book | last = Ojakangas | first = Richard W. |author2=Charles L. Matsch | others = Illus. Dan Breedy | title = Minnesota's Geology | year = 1982 | publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] | location= Minneapolis, Minnesota | isbn = 978-0-8166-0953-6}}</ref>]]
Minnesota has some of the earth's oldest rocks, [[gneiss]]es that are about 3.6{{spaces}}billion years old (80% as old as the planet).<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web | title = Geologic Time: Age of the Earth | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = October 9, 1997 | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | access-date = April 9, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | archive-date = December 23, 2005 | url-status = live }}</ref> About 2.7{{spaces}}billion years ago [[basalt]]ic [[lava]] poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial [[ocean]]; the remains of this [[volcano|volcanic]] rock formed the [[Canadian Shield]] in northeast Minnesota.<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name="Compass">{{cite book | last = Breining | first = Greg | title = Compass American Guides: Minnesota, 3rd Edition | edition = 3rd | publisher = [[Fodor's|Compass American Guides]] | date = December 2005 | isbn = 978-1-4000-1484-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesota0003brei }}</ref> The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of [[Precambrian]] seas formed the [[Iron Range]] of northern Minnesota. Since a period of [[volcanism]] 1.1{{spaces}}billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of [[sedimentary rock]].<ref name="MNGeog" />
In [[Glacial history of Minnesota|more recent times]], massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state's landscape and sculpted its terrain.<ref name="MNGeog" /> The [[Wisconsin glaciation]] left 12,000 years ago.<ref name="MNGeog" /> These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the [[bedrock]]. This area is known as the [[Coulee Region|Driftless Zone]] for its absence of [[drift (geology)|glacial drift]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural history – Minnesota's geology |publisher=Minnesota DNR |url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html |year=2008 |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010202724/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html |archive-date=October 10, 2006 }}</ref> Much of the remainder of the state has 50 feet (15{{spaces}}m) or more of [[glacial till]] left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic [[Lake Agassiz]] formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile [[Red River of the North|Red River]] valley, and its outflow, [[glacial River Warren]], carved the valley of the [[Minnesota River]] and the Upper Mississippi downstream from [[Fort Snelling]].<ref name="MNGeog" /> Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences [[earthquake]]s infrequently, most of them minor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table Showing Minnesota Earthquakes |publisher=University of Minnesota, Morris |url=http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327204634/http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html |archive-date=March 27, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Palisade, Shovel Point (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Palisade Head]] on [[Lake Superior]] was formed from a [[Precambrian]] [[rhyolitic]] [[lava]] flow.<ref name="MNGeog" />]]
The state's high point is [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]] at 2,301 feet (701{{spaces}}m), which is only {{convert|13|mi|km}} away from the low point of 601 feet (183{{spaces}}m) at the shore of Lake Superior.<ref name="Compass" /><ref>{{cite web | title = {{convert|118|km|0|abbr=on}} SW of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada | website = Topographic map | publisher = U.S.G.S via terraserver.microsoft.com | date = July 1, 1964 | url = http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0 | access-date = April 13, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009100944/http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0 | archive-date = October 9, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling [[peneplain]].<ref name="MNGeog" />
Two major [[drainage divide]]s meet in Minnesota's northeast in rural [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing]], forming a triple [[Drainage basin|watershed]]. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] can follow the [[Mississippi River]] south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the [[Canada Hudson Bay drainage|Hudson Bay watershed]] to the Arctic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|title=Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America |publisher=National Atlas |date=October 2, 2007 |url=http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513163803/http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref>
The state's nickname "Land of 10,000 Lakes" is apt, as there are 11,842 [[Minnesota lakes]] over {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} in size.<ref name="dnr">{{cite web | title = Lakes, rivers & wetlands | website = MN Facts | publisher = Minnesota DNR | year = 2008 | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html | access-date = April 9, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130629143248/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html | archive-date = June 29, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Minnesota has the most named lakes of any U.S. states, but not the most lakes overall.{{efn|Four states have more lakes than Minnesota: Alaska, Kansas, Michigan, and Florida.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/the-number-of-u-s-lakes-by-state-where-does-your-state-rank/ar-AA1cUODR The Number of U.S. Lakes By State: Where Does Your State Rank?]</ref>}} Minnesota's portion of Lake Superior is the largest at {{convert|962,700|acre|ha km2}} and deepest (at {{convert|1290|ft|m|abbr=on}}) body of water in the state.<ref name="dnr" /> Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for {{convert|69,000|mi|km}}.<ref name="dnr" /> The Mississippi River begins its journey from its [[headwaters]] at [[Lake Itasca]] and crosses the Iowa border {{convert|680|mi|km}} downstream.<ref name="dnr" /> It is joined by the [[Minnesota River]] at Fort Snelling, by the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)|St. Croix River]] near [[Hastings, Minnesota|Hastings]], by the [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]] at [[Wabasha, MN|Wabasha]], and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately {{convert|10.6|e6acre|ha km2}} of wetlands are within Minnesota's borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.<ref name="weatheralmanac">{{cite book | last = Seeley | first = Mark W. | title = Minnesota Weather Almanac | publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-87351-554-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesotaweather0000seel }}</ref>
=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Natural history of Minnesota}}
Minnesota has four ecological provinces: [[prairie]] parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the [[Temperate deciduous forest|eastern broadleaf forest]] ([[Big Woods]]) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state's northwestern part, where it transitions into [[Tallgrass Aspen Parkland|tallgrass aspen parkland]]; and the northern [[Laurentian Mixed Forest Province|Laurentian mixed forest]], a transitional forest between the northern [[Taiga|boreal forest]] and the broadleaf forests to the south.<ref>[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf Ecological Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104611/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf |date=October 20, 2017 }}, ''Ecological Classification System'', [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] (1999). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> These northern forests are a vast wilderness of [[pine]] and [[spruce]] trees mixed with patchy stands of [[birch]] and [[Populus|poplar]].
Much of Minnesota's northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of [[old growth forest]] today in areas such as the [[Chippewa National Forest]] and the [[Superior National Forest]], where the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]] has some {{convert|400000|acres|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} of unlogged land.<ref name="Heinselman">{{cite book | title = The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem | last = Heinselman | first = Miron | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis, Minnesota | year = 1996 |isbn = 978-0-8166-2805-6}}</ref> Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|a third of the state forested]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Bewer | first = Tim | title = Moon Handbooks Minnesota | publisher = Avalon Travel Publishing | year = 2004 | edition = First | isbn = 978-1-56691-482-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesota00bewe }}</ref> Nearly all Minnesota's prairies and [[oak savanna]]s have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.<ref>{{cite web | title = Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition (NA0415) | website = Terrestrial Ecoregions | publisher = [[World Wildlife Fund]] | year = 2001 | url = http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010429031358/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html | archive-date=April 29, 2001| access-date = September 3, 2012}} (archived from original June 11, 2008).</ref>
While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the [[American marten|pine marten]], [[elk]], [[Migratory Woodland Caribou|woodland caribou]], and [[American bison|bison]],<ref>Bison disappeared in the mid-19th century; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879. {{cite book|title=Big Game in Minnesota, Technical Bulletin, no. 9|last=Moyle|first=J. B.|publisher=Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Section of Research and Planning|year=1965|page=172}} As referenced in {{cite book|title=Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology|last=Anfinson|first=Scott F.|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|year=1997|isbn=978-0-87351-355-5|page=20}}</ref> others like [[whitetail deer]] and [[bobcat]] thrive. Minnesota has the nation's largest [[Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States|population of timber wolves]] outside Alaska,<ref>[http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf Gray Wolf Factsheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104610/https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf |date=October 20, 2017 }}, [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] (January 2007). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> and supports healthy populations of [[American black bear|black bears]], [[moose]], and [[gopher]]s. Located on the [[Mississippi Flyway]], Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as [[Goose|geese]] and [[duck]]s, and game birds such as [[grouse]], [[pheasant]]s, and [[Turkey (bird)|turkeys]]. It is home to [[bird of prey|birds of prey]], including the largest number of breeding pairs of [[bald eagle]]s in the lower 48 states as of 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html|title=Center for Biological Diversity|website=www.biologicaldiversity.org|access-date=December 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323072614/http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html|archive-date=March 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[red-tailed Hawk|red-tailed hawks]], and [[snowy owl]]s. [[Hawk Ridge, Duluth|Hawk Ridge]] is one of the premier birdwatching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as [[walleye]], [[bass (fish)|bass]], [[muskellunge]], and [[northern pike]], while [[brook trout|brook]], [[brown trout|brown]], and [[rainbow trout]] populate streams in the southeast and northeast.
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Minnesota}}
[[File:Minnesota Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Minnesota]]
Minnesota experiences [[List of Minnesota weather records|temperature extremes]] characteristic of its [[continental climate]], with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|-60|F|C}} at [[Tower, Minnesota|Tower]] on February 2, 1996, and the highest was {{convert|114|F|C}} at [[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead]] on July 6, 1936.<ref name="extremes">{{cite web|title=Minnesota climate extremes |publisher=University of Minnesota |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm |access-date=May 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005084248/http://www.climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2006 }}</ref> Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, [[derecho]]s, tornadoes, and high-velocity [[Downburst|straight-line winds]]. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and average temperatures range from {{convert|37|to|49|F|C}}.<ref name="noaa">{{cite web | title = Climate of Minnesota | publisher = National Weather Service Forecast Office | url = http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf| access-date = May 3, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528042433/http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf |archive-date = May 28, 2008}}</ref> Average summer [[dew point|dewpoints]] range from about {{convert|58|F|C}} in the south to about {{convert|48|F|C}} in the north.<ref name="noaa" /><ref>{{cite web|title=104 Years of Twin Cities Dew Point Temperature Records: 1902–2006 |publisher=Minnesota Climatology Office |date=March 7, 2006 |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm |access-date=April 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526112144/http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm |archive-date=May 26, 2007 }}</ref> Average annual precipitation ranges from {{convert|19|to|35|in|cm}}, and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.<ref name="noaa" />
Minnesota has warmed over the past few years. Rising temperatures have affected natural habitats and many species that live in them. For example, the lakes' water is warming, which affects cold-water fish. Trout, for example, is a cold-water fish that is losing its habitat, while the habitat of bass, a warm-water fish, is growing.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Climate Change Means For Minnesota |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-mn.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota<ref name="Minnesota climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America|title=Minnesota climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031433/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] || 83/64 || 28/18 || 23/7 || −4/−13
|-
|[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] || 83/63 || 28/17 || 23/6 || −5/−14
|-
|[[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]] || 82/63 || 28/17 || 23/3 || −5/−16
|-
|[[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] || 76/55 || 24/13 || 19/1 || −7/−17
|-
|[[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud]] || 81/58 || 27/14 || 18/−1 || −7/−18
|-
|[[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]] || 86/62 || 30/16 || 23/3 || −5/−16
|-
|[[International Falls, Minnesota|International Falls]] || 77/52 || 25/11 || 15/−6 || −9/−21
|}
=== Protected lands ===
[[File:Pose lake Minnesota.jpg|thumb|right|Pose Lake in the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]]]]
Minnesota's first state park, [[Itasca State Park]], was established in 1891, and is the [[source (river or stream)|source]] of the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite web | title = Itasca State Park | publisher = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | access-date = May 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080403192641/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | archive-date = April 3, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Today Minnesota has [[List of Minnesota state parks|72 state parks]] and recreation areas, [[List of Minnesota state forests|58 state forests]] covering about four million acres (16,000{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup>), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]. The [[Chippewa National Forest|Chippewa]] and [[Superior National Forest|Superior national forests]] comprise {{convert|5.5|e6acre}}. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]], which encompasses over a million acres (4,000{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup>) and a thousand lakes. To its west is [[Voyageurs National Park]]. The [[Mississippi National River and Recreation Area]] (MNRRA) is a {{convert|72|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places To Go|url=http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=May 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413225513/http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm|archive-date=April 13, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Cities and towns ==
{{See also|List of cities in Minnesota|List of townships in Minnesota}}
[[File:OwatonnaBank.JPG|thumb|right|[[National Farmers Bank]] in [[Owatonna, Minnesota|Owatonna]] by [[Louis Sullivan]]]]
[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital city]] since 1849, first as capital of the [[Territory of Minnesota]], and then as the state capital since 1858.
Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul#Combined Statistical Area|Twin Cities metropolitan area]], the country's 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state's population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hibbs |first1=James |title=Analysis of the 2015 Population and Household Estimates |url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf |website=Demographic Reports and Analysis |publisher=Minnesota State Demographics Center |access-date=June 28, 2018 |page=2 |format=Presentation |date=November 1, 2016 |quote=Minnesota's estimated population in 2015 is 5,485,238. Over half (54.8%) of Minnesota's population lives in the seven Twin Cities area counties that make up Region 11. The population of Region 11 has surpassed three million. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184332/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The remainder of the state is known as "[[Regions of Minnesota|Greater Minnesota]]" or "Outstate Minnesota".<ref>{{cite web |title=Greater Minnesota Refined and Revisited |url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf |website=Minnesota State Demographics Center |publisher=State of Minnesota: Department of Administration |access-date=June 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628181622/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2010 census. In descending order of population, they are [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]], [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]], [[Plymouth, Minnesota|Plymouth]], [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|Saint Cloud]], [[Woodbury, Minnesota|Woodbury]], [[Eagan, Minnesota|Eagan]], [[Maple Grove, Minnesota|Maple Grove]], [[Coon Rapids, Minnesota|Coon Rapids]], [[Eden Prairie, Minnesota|Eden Prairie]], [[Minnetonka, MN|Minnetonka]], [[Burnsville, Minnesota|Burnsville]], [[Apple Valley, Minnesota|Apple Valley]], [[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]], and [[Lakeville, Minnesota|Lakeville]].<ref name="popest">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates |publisher=Minnesota Demographic Center |url=http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307174342/http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html |archive-date=March 7, 2008 }}</ref> Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] and [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same period.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web|title=Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information |publisher=Minnesota Pollution Control Agency |date=May 30, 2003 |url=http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |archive-date=April 6, 2008 }}</ref>
{{Largest cities
| country = Minnesota
| stat_ref = Source:<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/brooklynparkcityminnesota,duluthcityminnesota,bloomingtoncityminnesota,rochestercityminnesota,stpaulcityminnesota,minneapoliscityminnesota/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Minnesota
| div_name =
| div_link = List of counties in Minnesota{{!}}County
| city_1 = Minneapolis
| div_1 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_1 = 425,336
| img_1 = Minneapolis skyline 51.JPG
| city_2 = Saint Paul, Minnesota{{!}}Saint Paul
| div_2 = Ramsey County, Minnesota{{!}}Ramsey
| pop_2 = 307,193
| img_2 = Saint paul mn.jpg
| city_3 = Rochester, Minnesota{{!}}Rochester
| div_3 = Olmsted County, Minnesota{{!}}Olmsted
| pop_3 = 121,465
| img_3 = SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG
| city_4 = Bloomington, Minnesota{{!}}Bloomington
| div_4 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_4 = 89,298
| img_4 = Bloomingtontownhall.jpg
| city_5 = Duluth, Minnesota{{!}}Duluth
| div_5 = St. Louis County, Minnesota{{!}}St. Louis
| pop_5 = 86,372
| img_5 =
| city_6 = Brooklyn Park, Minnesota{{!}}Brooklyn Park
| div_6 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_6 = 84,526
| img_6 =
| city_7 = Plymouth, Minnesota{{!}}Plymouth
| div_7 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_7 = 79,828
| img_7 =
| city_8 = Woodbury, Minnesota{{!}}Woodbury
| div_8 = Washington County, Minnesota{{!}}Washington
| pop_8 = 76,990
| img_8 =
| city_9 = Lakeville, Minnesota{{!}}Lakeville
| div_9 = Dakota County, Minnesota{{!}}Dakota
| pop_9 = 72,812
| img_9 =
| city_10 = Blaine, Minnesota{{!}}Blaine
| div_10 = Anoka County, Minnesota{{!}}Anoka
| pop_10 = 70,935
| img_10 =
}}
The United States Navy has recognized
[[List of naval ships named for Minnesota|multiple Minnesota communities]].
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Minnesota}}
=== Overview ===
[[File:Minnesota 2020 Population Density.png|thumb|right|Minnesota 2020 Population Density Map]]
{{US Census population
|1850= 6077
|1860= 172023
|1870= 439706
|1880= 780773
|1890= 1310283
|1900= 1751394
|1910= 2075708
|1920= 2387125
|1930= 2563953
|1940= 2792300
|1950= 2982483
|1960= 3413864
|1970= 3804971
|1980= 4075970
|1990= 4375099
|2000= 4919479
|2010= 5303925
|2020= 5706494
|estimate= 5737915
|estyear= 2023
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html }}</ref><br />2022 Estimate<ref name="2023 Estimate" />
}}
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]] and the Minnesota State Demographic Center, Minnesota had a population of about 5.7 million in 2020, making it the 22nd-most populous U.S. state.<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222|title=QuickFacts Minnesota; UNITED STATES|website=2022 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=January 1, 2023|access-date=January 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011526/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Its fertility rate in 2021 was slightly below the replacement rate at 1.75, but the state has seen growth over the past century through more births than deaths, and significant immigration.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018 y464">{{cite web | title=Stats of the State of Minnesota | website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date=April 5, 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm | access-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711002517/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> A destination for European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from [[Scandinavia]], [[Germany]], and [[Ireland]], it now attracts people from [[Latin America]], primarily Mexico; [[East Africa]], particularly [[Somalis]]; and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], especially [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], and [[Indian people|Indians]].<ref name="Immigration Language MN">{{cite web | title=Immigration & Language | website=Minnesota State Demographic Center | url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/ | access-date=June 27, 2023 | archive-date=June 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609162359/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The state has a diverse population in terms of age, birthplace, ancestry, and socioeconomic status, with a well-educated populace and a median household income around $77,000.<ref name="Census Bureau QuickFacts 2022 f936">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Minnesota | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=July 1, 2022 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221 | access-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-date=January 27, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127014543/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221 | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Race and ethnicity ===
Minnesota's racial demographics have significantly diversified since its early settlement period. As of 2020, according to U.S. census data, the white population had fallen to 77.5% from over 98% in the early to mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Concurrently, other racial populations have markedly increased. The Black population has risen to 7%, the Asian population to 5.3%, and those identifying as two or more races to 6.1%.
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; display:inline-table;"
|+ Racial composition in 2020<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web | title=MINNESOTA: 2020 Census | website=U.S. Census Bureau | date=May 12, 2022 | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/minnesota-population-change-between-census-decade.html | access-date=September 25, 2022 | archive-date=June 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609103749/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/minnesota-population-change-between-census-decade.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Race !! Percentage
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[White Americans|White]] || 77.5%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[African American|Black or African American]] || 7.0%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] || 1.2%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 5.3%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]] || 0.1%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 3.2%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || 6.1%
|}
According to the 2017 [[American Community Survey]], 5.1% of Minnesota's population were of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] origin (of any race): [[Mexican American|Mexican]] (3.5%), [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (0.2%), [[Cuban American|Cuban]] (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US27 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005744/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US27 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 }}</ref> The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were [[German Americans|German]] (33.8%), [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]] (15.3%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (10.5%), [[Swedish American|Swedish]] (8.1%), and [[English American|English]] (5.4%).<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US27 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005732/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US27 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 }}</ref> Minnesota has the country's largest [[Somalis|Somali]] population, and the largest Hmong population per capita.<ref name="Imgpnanss">[http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/New_Americans_in_the_North_Star_State_2009.pdf New Americans in the North Star State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226202334/http://immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/New_Americans_in_the_North_Star_State_2009.pdf |date=December 26, 2013 }}</ref>
=== Immigration ===
Since the 1960s, Minnesota's immigrant population has been shaped by its status as a major area for refugee resettlement. As of 2018, Minnesota had the largest refugee population per capita of any state, with 2% of the country's population but 13% of its refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Bob Shaw {{!}} Pioneer |date=2018-01-13 |title=Minnesota has the most refugees per capita in the U.S. Will that continue? |url=https://www.twincities.com/2018/01/13/the-not-so-welcome-mat-minnesota-winces-at-refugee-cutbacks/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}</ref> Other refugee groups that have recently been settling in Minnesota include Burmese, Congolese, Russians, and Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Decker |first=Julia |date=2023-12-15 |title=Asylum saves lives. It is under attack. |url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/12/15/asylum-saves-lives-it-is-under-attack/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |newspaper=Minnesota Reformer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-25 |title=About Refugees |url=https://www.mnchurches.org/what-we-do/refugee-services/about-refugees |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Minnesota Council of Churches}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Country of origin of first and second-generation immigrants (2023)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biggest sources of immigrants to Minnesota |url=https://stacker.com/minnesota/biggest-sources-immigrants-minnesota |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Stacker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=By immigrant group {{!}} MN Compass |url=https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/immigration |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.mncompass.org |language=en}}</ref>
!Country
!Population
|-
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
|95,227
|-
|{{Flag|Somalia}}
|76,658
|-
|''[[Hmong people]]''{{Efn|Hmong people are a stateless group; the majority of Hmong in Minnesota have immigrated from either Laos or Thailand.}}
|55,005
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|39,559
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|36,982
|-
|{{Flag|Laos}}
|24,901
|-
|{{Flag|China}}
|24,353
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|22,283
|-
|{{Flag|Liberia}}
|20,168
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|20,126
|-
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|19,235
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|18,804
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|16,823
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}
|15,679
|-
|{{Flag|Philippines}}
|13,544
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|12,787
|-
|{{Flag|El Salvador}}
|12,137
|}
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Minnesota}}
[[File:St Paul Cathedral 2012.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]] style [[Cathedral of Saint Paul, National Shrine of the Apostle Paul|Cathedral of St. Paul]] in the city of St. Paul]]
Minnesota's religious landscape is also diverse, having evolved significantly over its history. The area's first Christian influence came from Catholic missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. 19th-century European settlers, especially Scandinavians, established Protestant denominations, particularly [[Lutheranism]]. [[Catholicism]] also continued to be significant due to Irish immigrants, and the [[Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis]] serves a substantial Catholic community. The 20th and 21st centuries witnessed growth in other Christian denominations and non-Christian religions due to further immigration, leading to the establishment of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], Hmong, and [[Islam|Muslim]] communities, as well as a sizable [[Judaism|Jewish]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salatomatic.com/c/Minneapolis-St-Paul+42|title=Mosques and Islamic schools in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota – salatomatic.com: your guide to mosques & Islamic schools|access-date=October 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005623/http://www.salatomatic.com/c/Minneapolis-St-Paul+42|archive-date=May 28, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book| last =Gilman| first =Rhonda R.| title =The Story of Minnesota's Past| publisher =Minnesota Historical Society Press| year =1989| location =Saint Paul, Minnesota| page =99| isbn =978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> A growing number of people identify as [[Irreligion|non-religious]], in line with national trends. As of 2014, 74% of Minnesotans identified as Christian, 5% belonged to non-Christian faiths, and 20% identified as religiously unaffiliated, according to the Pew Research Center.<ref>{{cite web | title = Religious Composition of Minnesota | website = Maps, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | year = 2010 | url = http://religions.pewforum.org/maps | access-date = March 19, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150506033840/http://religions.pewforum.org/maps | archive-date = May 6, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of Minnesota locations by per capita income}}
Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information |date=May 30, 2003 |place=[[United States of America|US]], MN |url=http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |access-date=November 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205204209/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 }}</ref> Minnesota's economy had a [[gross domestic product]] of $383{{spaces}}billion in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |date=October 2, 2020 |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1 |place=US |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080037/https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> with 33 of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/MN.html | website = Fortune 500 | year = 2006 | title = States | publisher = CNN Money | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HZRTW3wV?url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/MN.html | archive-date = June 22, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> including [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[UnitedHealth Group]], [[3M]], [[General Mills]], [[U.S. Bancorp]], [[Ameriprise]], [[Hormel]], [[Land O' Lakes]], [[SuperValu (United States)|SuperValu]], [[Best Buy]], and [[Valspar]]. Private companies based in Minnesota include [[Cargill]], the largest privately owned company in the United States,<ref>{{cite web | author= Forbes | title= Largest US Private Cos | website= [[Forbes]] | url= https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Cargill_5ZUZ.html | year= 2008 | access-date= January 25, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122061017/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Cargill_5ZUZ.html | archive-date= January 22, 2009 | url-status= live }}</ref> and [[Carlson Companies]], the parent company of [[Radisson Hotels]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Brands |publisher=Carlson Companies |url=http://www.carlson.com/brands/index.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024112507/http://carlson.com/brands/index.cfm |archive-date=October 24, 2007 |access-date=January 5, 2010 }}</ref>
Minnesota's [[List of U.S. states by income|per capita personal income]] in 2019 was $58,834, the thirteenth-highest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | title = State Personal Income 2019 | place = US | publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis | url = https://apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm | access-date = November 10, 2020 | df = mdy-all | archive-date = October 22, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232802/https://apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm | url-status = live }}</ref> Its 2019 [[median household income]] was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2019-median-household-income.html | title= United States and States – R2001. Median Household Income | publisher= Census Bureau | access-date= November 10, 2020 | place= US | archive-date= November 16, 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201116233552/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2019-median-household-income.html | url-status= live }}</ref>
=== Industry and commerce ===
[[File:IDS reflecting Wells Fargo.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[IDS Tower]], designed by [[Philip Johnson]], is the state's tallest building,<ref>{{Cite news| last = Coleman| first = Nick| title = Capella Tower sports a cap, but it can't topple the IDS| work = Star Tribune| date = March 24, 2008| url = http://www.startribune.com/featuredColumns/16942626.html| access-date = November 19, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121126040508/http://www.startribune.com/featuredColumns/16942626.html| archive-date = November 26, 2012| url-status = live}}</ref> reflecting [[César Pelli]]'s [[Art Deco]]-style [[Wells Fargo Center (Minneapolis)|Wells Fargo Center]].]]
Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by [[St. Anthony Falls]]. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US27&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |title=Minnesota – DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000 |place=US |publisher=Census Bureau |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212041913/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US27&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |archive-date=February 12, 2020 }}</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF | title=Census of Agriculture, Minnesota State Profile | place = US | publisher = Department of Agriculture | access-date = December 3, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001103025/http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF |archive-date = October 1, 2006}}</ref> The state is the nation's largest producer of [[sugar beet]]s, [[sweet corn]], and [[pea]]s for processing, and farm-raised [[Turkey (bird)|turkeys]]. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans,<ref name="resources">{{cite web | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/whymn/resources.htm | title = Wealth of Resources | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | access-date = November 26, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061212194851/http://www.deed.state.mn.us/whymn/resources.htm | archive-date = December 12, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref> and has the most food [[List of food cooperatives#United States|cooperatives]] per capita in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title= The Co-Op Advantage|url= http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/August-2008/Twin-Cities-Fresh-Taste-Festival/The-Co-Op-Advantage/|date= August 2008|publisher= Greenspring|work= Minnesota Monthly|access-date= February 10, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115143853/http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/August-2008/Twin-Cities-Fresh-Taste-Festival/The-Co-Op-Advantage/|archive-date= January 15, 2013|df= mdy-all}}</ref> [[Forestry]] remains strong, including [[logging]], [[pulpwood]] processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's [[iron ore]] for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, [[taconite]] mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country's usable iron ore.<ref name="resources" /> The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and [[biomedical]] firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor [[shopping mall]] was [[Edina, Minnesota|Edina's]] [[Southdale Center]], and its largest is Bloomington's [[Mall of America]].
Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its [[Minnesota State Lottery|own lottery]]; its games include [[Multi-State Lottery Association|multi-jurisdiction draws]], in-house draws, and other games.
=== Energy use and production ===
{{Further|List of power stations in Minnesota}}
Minnesota produces [[ethanol fuel]] and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix ([[E10 fuel|E10]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=1905 |publisher= Ethanol Producer Magazine |title= Hawaii to meet E10 mandate with imported ethanol |access-date= December 3, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130612002534/http://www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/1905/hawaii-to-meet-e10-mandate-with-imported-ethanol/ |archive-date= June 12, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying [[E85]] fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/states |title= Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State| publisher = US Department of Energy| access-date=February 24, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190211145220/https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/states |archive-date = February 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2% [[biodiesel]] blend has been required in [[diesel fuel]] since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. The state gets nearly one-fifth of all its electrical energy from wind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=MN|title=Minnesota: Profile Analysis|date=March 15, 2018|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000256/https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=MN|archive-date=September 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Xcel Energy]] is the state's largest utility and is headquartered in the state;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xcel quarterly profits up 35%, buoyed by rate increases|url=https://www.startribune.com/xcel-quarterly-profits-up-35-buoyed-by-rate-increases/567423812/|website=Star Tribune|access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=February 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209113328/http://www.startribune.com/xcel-quarterly-profits-up-35-buoyed-by-rate-increases/567423812/|url-status=live}}</ref> it is one of five investor-owned utilities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About MN's Municipal Utilities :: Minnesota Municipal Utilities Association|url=https://www.mmua.org/about/about-mns-municipal-utilities|website=www.mmua.org|access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303105555/https://www.mmua.org/about/about-mns-municipal-utilities|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also a number of municipal utilities.<ref name=":0" />
=== State taxes ===
Minnesota has a [[progressive income tax]] structure; the four brackets of state [[income tax]] rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Income Tax Rates and Brackets: Income Tax Rates for 2013 | place = MN | publisher = Department of Revenue | url = http://www.revenue.state.mn.us/individuals/individ_income/Pages/Minnesota_Income_Tax_Rates_and_Brackets.aspx | access-date = August 28, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921165202/http://www.revenue.state.mn.us/individuals/individ_income/Pages/Minnesota_Income_Tax_Rates_and_Brackets.aspx | archive-date = September 21, 2017 }}</ref> As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.<ref name="TF" /> In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10.2% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7%.<ref name=TF>{{cite web|title=Minnesota's State and Local Tax Burden 1977–2008 |publisher=The Tax Foundation |access-date=June 6, 2010 |url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/taxdata/show/462.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070951/http://www.taxfoundation.org/taxdata/show/462.html |archive-date=April 1, 2010 }}</ref> The state [[sales tax]] in Minnesota is 6.875%, but clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.<ref name="salestax">{{cite web|title=Sales and Use Tax Instruction Book |publisher=Department of Revenue |date=July 2009 |url=http://taxes.state.mn.us/sales/Documents/sales_tax_booklet.pdf |place=MN |access-date=June 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027093524/http://taxes.state.mn.us/sales/Documents/sales_tax_booklet.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Legislature|state legislature]] may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/content/BAT_1100111.pdf |publisher = Department of Revenue | title= Local Sales Tax and Use |access-date=November 26, 2006 | place = MN | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061009052806/http://www.taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/content/BAT_1100111.pdf |archive-date = October 9, 2006}}</ref> [[Excise]] taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a [[use tax]] on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.<ref name="salestax" /> Owners of [[real property]] in Minnesota pay [[property tax]] to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.{{clear left}}
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Minnesota|Minnesotan Cuisine}}
=== Fine and performing arts ===
[[File:Mpls arts.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]'s [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] north facade, designed by [[McKim, Mead, and White]]]]
[[File:Menagha St. Urho.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Sculpture of [[St. Urho]] in [[Menahga, Minnesota]], in 2020]]
Minnesota's leading [[fine art]] museums include the [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], the [[Walker Art Center]], the [[Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum]], and [[The Museum of Russian Art]] (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The [[Minnesota Orchestra]] and the [[Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra]] are prominent full-time professional [[musical ensemble]]s who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities' community. The world-renowned [[Guthrie Theater]] moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at [[theatre|theatrical]], [[music]]al, and [[comedy]] events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis's number of theater companies ranks behind only [[New York City]]'s,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tormoen |first1=Erik |title=Fake News: The Twin Cities Theater Scene's Claim to Fame |url=https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/featured/fake-news-the-twin-cities-theater-scenes-claim-to-fame/ |access-date=October 12, 2020 |work=[[Minnesota Monthly]] |date=November 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118171053/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/featured/fake-news-the-twin-cities-theater-scenes-claim-to-fame/ |archive-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> and about 2.3{{spaces}}million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.<ref name="Royce">{{cite news | last = Royce | first = Graydon Royce | title = New Guthrie casts a huge shadow over theater scene | publisher = Minneapolis Star-Tribune via SavetheGuthrie.org | date = April 1, 2006 | url = http://www.savetheguthrie.org/news/royce040106.htm | access-date = May 6, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060518153633/http://www.savetheguthrie.org/news/royce040106.htm |archive-date = May 18, 2006}}</ref> The [[Minnesota Fringe Festival]] in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of [[theatre]], [[dance]], [[improvisation]], [[puppetry]], kids' shows, [[visual art]], and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country's largest non-juried performing arts festival.<ref>{{cite web| title = How to fringe| website = Fresh Art Delivered Daily| publisher = Minnesota Fringe Festival| year = 2006 | url = http://www.fringefestival.org/new.cfm| access-date = November 22, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114023612/http://www.fringefestival.org/new.cfm| archive-date = November 14, 2006}}</ref>
=== Literature ===
The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the [[prairie]] are the subject of [[Giants in the Earth (novel)|''Giants in the Earth'']] by [[Ole Rolvaag]] and the [[Little House on the Prairie|''Little House'']] series of children's books by [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by [[Sinclair Lewis]] in the novel [[Main Street (novel)|''Main Street'']], and more gently and affectionately by [[Garrison Keillor]] in his tales of [[Lake Wobegon]]. St. Paul native [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as ''[[Winter Dreams]]'' and ''The Ice Palace'' (published in ''[[Flappers and Philosophers]]''). [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s epic poem ''[[The Song of Hiawatha]]'' was inspired by Minnesota and names of many of the state's places and bodies of water. Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman ([[Bob Dylan]]) won the 2016 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. Science fiction writer [[Marissa Lingen]] lives here.
=== Entertainment ===
{{Main|Music of Minnesota}}
[[File:First Avenue nightclub.jpg|thumb|left|[[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] nightclub, the heart of Minnesota's music community<ref name="Compass" />]]
Minnesota musicians include [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Eddie Cochran]], [[The Andrews Sisters]], [[The Castaways]], [[The Trashmen]], [[Soul Asylum]], [[David Ellefson]], [[Chad Smith]], [[John Wozniak]], [[Hüsker Dü]], [[Semisonic]], [[The Replacements (band)|The Replacements]], [[Owl City]], [[Holly Henry]], [[Motion City Soundtrack]], [[Atmosphere (music group)|Atmosphere]], and [[Dessa]]. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen's "[[Surfin' Bird]]" and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[The Original 7ven]], [[Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis]], [[The Jets (Minnesota band)|The Jets]], [[Lipps Inc.]], and [[Information Society (band)|Information Society]].
Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip ''[[Peanuts]]'' was created by St. Paul native [[Charles M. Schulz]]. [[A Prairie Home Companion]] which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on [[National Public Radio]]. A cult [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] cable TV show, ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', was created by [[Joel Hodgson]] in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, ''[[The Daily Show]]'', was originated through [[Lizz Winstead]] and [[Madeleine Smithberg]].
[[Joel and Ethan Coen]], [[Terry Gilliam]], [[Bill Pohlad]], and [[Mike Todd]] contributed to the art of [[filmmaking]] as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include [[Loni Anderson]], [[Richard Dean Anderson]], [[James Arness]], [[Jessica Biel]], [[Rachael Leigh Cook]], [[Julia Duffy]], [[Mike Farrell]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Peter Graves]], [[Josh Hartnett]], [[Garrett Hedlund]], [[Tippi Hedren]], [[Jessica Lange]], [[Kelly Lynch]], [[E.G. Marshall]], [[Laura Osnes]], [[Melissa Peterman]], [[Chris Pratt]], [[Marion Ross]], [[Jane Russell]], [[Winona Ryder]], [[Seann William Scott]], [[Kevin Sorbo]], [[Lea Thompson]], [[Vince Vaughn]], [[Jesse Ventura]], [[James Hong]], and [[Steve Zahn]].
=== Popular culture ===
{{See also|List of television shows and movies in Minnesota}}
[[File:MNfiddles.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.7|A youth [[fiddle]] performance at the [[Minnesota State Fair]]]]
[[Stereotype|Stereotypical]] traits of Minnesotans include "[[Minnesota nice]]", [[Lutheranism]], a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of [[North Central American English]] sprinkled with [[Scandinavia]]n expressions.<!--[[wp:nor]] Rose on Golden Girls?--> [[Potluck]]s, usually with a variety of [[hotdish]]es, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional [[lutefisk]] dinner to celebrate Christmas. Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as ''[[Fargo (1996 film)|Fargo]]'', ''[[Grumpy Old Men (film)|Grumpy Old Men]]'', ''[[Grumpier Old Men]]'', ''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]'', ''[[Drop Dead Gorgeous (film)|Drop Dead Gorgeous]]'', ''[[Young Adult (film)|Young Adult]]'', ''[[A Serious Man]]'', ''[[New in Town]]'', ''[[Rio (2011 film)|Rio]]'', ''[[The Mighty Ducks (film series)|The Mighty Ducks films]],'' and in famous television series like ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]'', ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', ''[[Coach (TV series)|Coach]]'', ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'', ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' and ''[[Fargo (TV series)|Fargo]]''. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include ''[[That Was Then... This Is Now]]'', ''[[Purple Rain (film)|Purple Rain]]'', ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'', ''[[Beautiful Girls (film)|Beautiful Girls]]'', ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]'', ''[[Untamed Heart]]'', ''[[Feeling Minnesota]]'', ''[[Jingle All The Way]]'', ''[[A Simple Plan (film)|A Simple Plan]]'', and ''[[The Mighty Ducks (film series)|The Mighty Ducks films]]''.
The [[Minnesota State Fair]], advertised as ''The Great Minnesota Get-Together'', is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5{{spaces}}million people, there were more than 1.8{{spaces}}million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.<ref>{{cite web| title = General Information: Attendance| publisher = Minnesota State Fair| url = http://www.mnstatefair.org/general_info/attendance.html| access-date = December 9, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141209164621/http://www.mnstatefair.org/general_info/attendance.html| archive-date = December 9, 2014| url-status = live}}</ref> The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including [[fine art]], [[science]], [[agriculture]], food preparation, [[4-H]] displays, music, [[midway (fair)|the midway]], and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of [[seed art]], [[butter]] sculptures of [[Princess Kay of the Milky Way|dairy princesses]], the birthing barn, and the "fattest pig" competition. In September 1927, [[John Philip Sousa]] and his band gave the premiere performance of "[[The Minnesota March]]" at the fair before a grandstand crowd of 12,000.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Minnesota March |url=https://cla.umn.edu/music/ensembles/marching-band/history-traditions/school-songs/minnesota-march |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522203941/https://cla.umn.edu/music/ensembles/marching-band/history-traditions/school-songs/minnesota-march |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=[[University of Minnesota]]: College of Liberal Arts |publisher= |language=en |quote=Adapted from the U of M Marching Band Centennial Book, Minnesota Hats Off to Thee, ©1992}}</ref> One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as [[Pronto Pup]]s, [[Cheese curds#Fried cheese curds|cheese curds]], and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.
Other large annual festivals include the [[Saint Paul Winter Carnival]], the [[Minnesota Renaissance Festival]], Minneapolis' [[Minneapolis Aquatennial|Aquatennial]] and Mill City Music Festival, [[Moondance Jam]] in [[Walker, Minnesota|Walker]], the [[Judy Garland]] Festival in [[Grand Rapids, Minnesota|Grand Rapids]], the [[Eelpout Festival]] on Leech Lake, and the [[WE Fest]] in [[Detroit Lakes, Minnesota|Detroit Lakes]].
== Health ==
[[File:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]]]]
Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.<ref name = UHC>{{cite web | title = America's Health Rankings 2009 | publisher = United Health Foundation | year = 2009 | url = http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009 | access-date = December 3, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115143839/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009 | archive-date = January 15, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Statemaster Health Statistics – Death Rate per 100,000| publisher = Statemaster| url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000| access-date = August 16, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130415130000/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000| archive-date = April 15, 2013}}</ref> They have long life expectancies,<ref>{{cite web | title = Explore Minnesota Living | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060822084115/http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf | archive-date = August 22, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref> and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.<ref name = UHC /><ref>{{cite web| title = The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2- and 3-year Averages: 2003 to 2005| website = Health Insurance Coverage: 2005| publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division| date = August 29, 2006 | url = https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061006081530/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf| archive-date = October 6, 2006| access-date = November 24, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State | publisher = Statemaster | year = 2002 | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | archive-date = May 13, 2013 }}</ref> These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of [[binge drinking]].<ref name = UHC /><ref>{{cite web | title = Health Statistics Health Index by state | publisher = Statemaster | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074940/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index | archive-date = May 25, 2013 }}</ref> While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/ |title=Despite progress, ethnic health disparities persist in Minnesota |author=Olsen, Jeremy|date=January 11, 2018|work=Star Tribune |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003646/http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/ |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On October 1, 2007, the [[Freedom to Breathe Act]] took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web | title = Put 'Em Out: Minnesota Smoking Ban Kicks In Monday | publisher = WCCO | url = http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html | date = September 30, 2007 | access-date = December 3, 2012 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20071227004710/http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html |archive-date = December 27, 2007}}</ref>
The [[Minnesota Department of Health]] is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including [[Allina]] Hospitals & Clinics, [[CentraCare Health System]], [[Essentia Health]], [[HealthPartners]], [[M Health Fairview]] and the [[Mayo Clinic Health System]]. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The [[University of Minnesota Medical School]] is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing [[biotechnology]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Minnesota Medical Milestones |publisher=University of Minnesota Medical School |year=2002 |url=http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html |access-date=August 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830085610/http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html |archive-date=August 30, 2006 }}</ref> The [[Mayo Clinic]], a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by [[William Worrall Mayo]], an immigrant from England.<ref name="Welbourn1990">{{cite book|author=Richard Burkewood Welbourn|title=The History of Endocrine Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353|year=1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-92586-4|pages=353–|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906081012/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Haddy2011">{{cite book|author1=Francis J. Haddy |author2=Theresa B. Haddy|title=Minnesota Physicians in the 1862 Sioux Uprising|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C|date=July 12, 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-0264-8|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C|archive-date=August 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
''U.S. News & World Report''{{'s}} 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|date=2021|title=Best Hospitals by Specialty|access-date=June 7, 2021|archive-date=August 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802174741/http://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into [[cancer]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Coronary heart disease|heart health]], [[obesity]], and other areas.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics | publisher = University of Minnesota Medical School | year = 2002 | url = http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ | access-date = August 14, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060816052039/http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ | archive-date = August 16, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref>
== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Minnesota|List of high schools in Minnesota|List of school districts in Minnesota}}
[[File:Pillsbury Hall.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] Pillsbury Hall (1889) is one of the oldest buildings on the [[University of Minnesota]] Minneapolis campus.]]
One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a [[normal school]] in Winona. Minnesota's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a [[high school diploma]], and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor's degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/tables/12s0233.pdf |title=Table 233. Educational Attainment by State: 1990 to 2009 |publisher=Census.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017150539/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0233.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2011}}</ref> In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation's "Most Literate City", while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/|title=Minneapolis ranked most literate city|website=[[USA Today]]|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104620/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/|archive-date=October 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/report-american-education-isnt-mediocre-its-deeply-unequal/280827/|title=Report: American Education Isn't Mediocre – It's Deeply Unequal|first=Julia|last=Ryan|website=[[The Atlantic]]|date=October 24, 2013|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165530/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/report-american-education-isnt-mediocre-its-deeply-unequal/280827/|archive-date=March 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the [[ACT (examination)|ACT exam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/states.html|title=Newsroom – Press Kit, Digital Media Library, and Press Releases|website=ACT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415061951/http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/states.html|archive-date=April 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2013, nationwide in per-student public education spending, Minnesota ranked 21st.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/06/02/the-states-that-spend-the-most-and-the-least-on-education-in-one-map/|title=The states that spend the most (and the least) on education, in one map|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603031405/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/06/02/the-states-that-spend-the-most-and-the-least-on-education-in-one-map/|archive-date=June 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> While Minnesota has chosen not to implement [[school voucher]]s,<ref name="vouchers">{{Cite news|last=Hallman |first=Charles |title=School vouchers: Who stands to gain at what cost? |work=Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder |date=March 14, 2007 |url=http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/node/3985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723221706/http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/node/3985 |archive-date=July 23, 2014 }}</ref> it is home to the first [[charter school]].<ref name="Charter">{{cite web|title=Charter Schools |publisher=Minnesota Department of Education |year=2007 |url=http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html |access-date=May 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222235406/http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html |archive-date=February 22, 2007 }}</ref>
The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the [[Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System]], and five major campuses of the [[University of Minnesota system]]. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation's top 100 [[liberal arts]] colleges, according to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Colleges 2009: Liberal Arts Rankings |publisher=USNews.com |year=2009 |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/liberal-arts-search/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314061238/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/liberal-arts-search/ |archive-date=March 14, 2009 }}</ref>
== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Minnesota}}
[[File:Duluth canal.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Aerial Lift Bridge]] at [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]]]
Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the [[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the [[Twin Cities]] metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] are [[Interstate 35 in Minnesota|Interstate{{spaces}}35]] (I-35), [[Interstate 90 in Minnesota|I-90]], and [[Interstate 94 in Minnesota|I-94]], with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the southern edge of the state.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |title=2007–2008 Official Highway Map |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/pdf/MNmap.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408220510/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/pdf/MNmap.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2008 }}</ref> In 2006, a [[constitutional amendment]] was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to [[public transit]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Transportation amendment update| publisher = Minnesota Department of Transportation| year = 2006| url = http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080626041042/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html |archive-date = June 26, 2008}}</ref> There are nearly two dozen [[rail transport|rail]] corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |title=Minnesota Rail System |year=2007 |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/maps/RailLines20070806_1.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=April 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408220542/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/maps/RailLines20070806_1.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2008 }}</ref> There is water transportation along the [[Mississippi River]] system and from the ports of [[Lake Superior]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Ports and Waterways |publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/waterways.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317123114/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/waterways.html |archive-date=March 17, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Green Line trains on both tracks.jpg|thumb|right|Two [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] trains on the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities campus]]
Minnesota's principal airport is [[Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport]] (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for [[Delta Air Lines]] and [[Sun Country Airlines]]. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via [[Delta Connection]] carriers [[SkyWest Airlines]], [[Compass Airlines (North America)|Compass Airlines]], and [[Endeavor Air]].<ref name="DeltaRoutes">{{cite web | title = Delta Air Lines Map | publisher = Delta Air Lines | year = 2015 | url = http://dl.fltmaps.com/en | access-date = October 24, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025072507/http://dl.fltmaps.com/en | archive-date = October 25, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>
Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators [[Minnesota Valley Transit Authority]], [[SouthWest Transit]], Plymouth Metrolink, Maple Grove Transit and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as [[Duluth Transit Authority]], [[Mankato Transit System]], [[MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead)]], [[Rochester, Minnesota#Transportation|Rochester Public Transit]], [[St. Cloud, Minnesota#Transportation|Saint Cloud Metro Bus]], Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota counties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minnesota Public Transit Association |url=https://www.mpta-transit.org/transit-in-minnesota |website=Transit in Minnesota |publisher=Minnesota Public Transit Authority |access-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210922/https://www.mpta-transit.org/transit-in-minnesota |archive-date=November 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In addition to bus services, [[Amtrak]]'s daily ''[[Empire Builder]]'' (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the [[Saint Paul Union Depot]] and five other stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/midwest-train-bus-stations|title=Amtrak Train and Bus Stations in the Midwest|publisher=Amtrak|access-date=January 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119204439/http://www.amtrak.com/midwest-train-bus-stations|archive-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> Intercity bus providers include [[Jefferson Lines]], [[Greyhound Bus Lines|Greyhound]], and [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]]. Local public transit is provided by [[bus]] networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The [[Northstar Line]] [[commuter rail]] service runs from [[Big Lake, Minnesota|Big Lake]] to the [[Target Field (Metro Transit station)|Target Field station]] in downtown Minneapolis. From there, [[light rail]] runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the [[Green Line (Minnesota)|Green Line]], and to the MSP airport and the [[Mall of America]] via the [[Blue Line (Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro)|Blue Line]].
== Law and government ==
{{See also|Law of Minnesota}}
[[File:Minnesota state coat of arms (illustrated, 1876).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Historical coats of arms of the U.S. states|historical coat of arms]] of Minnesota in 1876]]
Minnesota is governed pursuant to the [[Minnesota Constitution]], which was adopted on October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Constitution of the State of Minnesota|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/|url-status=live|website=Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502203236/https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/constitution/}}</ref> Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a [[Republicanism in the United States|republican system]] of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Government |url=http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar |publisher=State of Minnesota |access-date=October 20, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018193346/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar |archive-date=October 18, 2006 }}</ref> The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its [[United States Bill of Rights|federal counterpart]], with some protected more strongly and explicitly.<ref name=":1" />
=== Executive ===
{{Main|Governor of Minnesota}}
[[File:Tim Walz official photo (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Governor [[Tim Walz]]]]
The executive branch is led by Minnesota's [[Governor (United States)|governor]], currently [[Tim Walz]], a [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFLer]] who took office on January 7, 2019. As chief executive, the [[Governor of Minnesota|governor]] appoints the heads of state agencies and is responsible for faithful execution of the law. As commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces, the governor also has command and control over the [[Minnesota National Guard]].<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution">{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/#article_5|title=Article V, Minnesota Constitution|publisher=Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502203236/https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/constitution/#article_5|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Governor of Minnesota#Cabinet|cabinet]] consisting of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota|lieutenant governor]] and the heads of Minnesota's 22 state agencies consults and assists the governor in the business of state government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mn.gov/governor/about-gov/governors-cabinet/|title=Governor's Cabinet|publisher=Office of Governor Tim Walz & Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190246/https://mn.gov/governor/about-gov/governors-cabinet/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Aside from the governor and lieutenant governor, who are elected on a [[joint ticket]], Minnesotans separately elect three other constitutional officers: a [[Secretary of State of Minnesota|secretary of state]], an [[Minnesota Attorney General|attorney general]], and a [[Minnesota State Auditor|state auditor]].<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution"/>{{Efn|The secretary of state is custodian of state records and the [[Great Seal of the State of Minnesota|state seal]], registers businesses, and administers elections. The secretary of state also processes notary public applications and administers Minnesota's [[address confidentiality program]] for victims of crime, among other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/SECRETARY%20OF%20STATE?year=2022|title=What does the Secretary of State's Office do?|publisher=Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190246/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/SECRETARY%20OF%20STATE?year=2022|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Efn|The attorney general is the chief law officer for the state of Minnesota, representing state agencies in legal proceedings and issuing written opinions on questions of law. As chief law officer, the attorney general also enforces state consumer protection and antitrust laws, regulates charities, and advocates for people and small businesses in utilities matters, among other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/|title=About Our Office|publisher=Office of the Minnesota Attorney General|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Efn|The state auditor supervises and audits the finances of Minnesota's 3,600 local governments, which altogether spend over $40 billion annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osa.state.mn.us/about/about-us/what-we-do/|title=What We Do|publisher=Office of the Minnesota State Auditor|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015073657/https://www.osa.state.mn.us/about/about-us/what-we-do/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state auditor also performs under contract the annual [[single audit]] of [[Administration of federal assistance in the United States|federal programs]] administered by state agencies and their subrecipients. Public expenditures overseen by the state auditor thus exceed standalone state spending by 15.3 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osa.state.mn.us/media/zubfptyn/2022-state-of-mn-single-audit.pdf|title=State of Minnesota Financial and Compliance Report on Federally Assisted Programs for the Year ended June 30, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Department of Management and Budget|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.osa.state.mn.us/media/zubfptyn/2022-state-of-mn-single-audit.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2023/11/why-minnesotas-local-audit-function-is-in-trouble/|title=Why Minnesota's local audit function is in trouble|author=Noah McVay|publisher=MinnPost|publication-date=November 6, 2023|access-date=December 6, 2023}}</ref>}} These five "executive officers" together constitute the [[Minnesota Executive Council|Executive Council]], which has certain statutory responsibilities in matters of state finance, emergency management, and public lands administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/EXECUTIVE%20COUNCIL?year=2022|title=2022 Minnesota Statutes Index: Executive Council|publisher=Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/EXECUTIVE%20COUNCIL?year=2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
Constitutional officeholders:
* Governor [[Tim Walz]] (DFL)
* Lt. Governor [[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)
* Secretary of State [[Steve Simon]] (DFL)
* Attorney General [[Keith Ellison]] (DFL)
* State Auditor [[Julie Blaha]] (DFL)
=== Legislature ===
{{Main|Minnesota Legislature}}
[[File:Minnesota State Capitol.jpg|thumb|The [[Minnesota State Capitol]] in Saint Paul, designed by [[Cass Gilbert]]]]
The [[Minnesota Legislature]] is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of the [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]] and the [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The state has 67 districts, each with about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, each senatorial district being divided into ''A'' and ''B'' sections for members of the House. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.
Since 2023, both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority.<ref name="Faircloth 2022">{{cite web | last=Faircloth | first=Ryan | title=Democrats take control of the Minnesota Legislature | website=Star Tribune | date=November 7, 2022 | url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-control-republicans-senate-democrats-house-election-results-2022/600222707/ | access-date=January 26, 2023 | archive-date=January 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126222201/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-control-republicans-senate-democrats-house-election-results-2022/600222707/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Judiciary ===
Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the [[Minnesota District Courts|district courts]], which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the [[Minnesota Court of Appeals]], consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] hears all appeals from the tax court, the [[Minnesota Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals|workers' compensation court of appeals]], first-degree murder convictions, and [[Certiorari#State courts|discretionary appeals]] from the court of appeals; it also has [[original jurisdiction]] over election disputes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Supreme Court |publisher=Court Information Office, State of Minnesota |url=http://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc |format=doc |access-date=October 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101095530/https://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc |archive-date=November 1, 2006 }}</ref>
Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers' compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.
Supreme Court Justices<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mncourts.gov/SupremeCourt.aspx |title=Minnesota Supreme Court |access-date=December 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093406/http://www.mncourts.gov/SupremeCourt.aspx |archive-date=December 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Chief Justice [[Natalie Hudson]]
Associate Justices
* [[Barry Anderson]]
* [[David Lillehaug]]
* [[Natalie Hudson]]
* [[Margaret Chutich]]
* [[Anne McKeig]]
* [[Paul Thissen]]
=== Regional ===
In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. [[Regional Development Commissions|Regional development commissions]] (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this [[Metropolitan Planning Organizations]] (MPOs), such as the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]], provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by [[Watershed district (Minnesota)|watershed districts]] and [[soil and water conservation district]]s.
=== Federal ===
Minnesota's [[United States senator]]s are Democrats [[Amy Klobuchar]] and [[Tina Smith]]. The state has eight [[Minnesota Congressional Districts|congressional districts]]; they are represented by [[Brad Finstad]] ([[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|1st district]]; R), [[Angie Craig]] ([[Minnesota's 2nd congressional district|2nd]]; DFL), [[Dean Phillips]] ([[Minnesota's 3rd congressional district|3rd]]; DFL), [[Betty McCollum]] ([[Minnesota's 4th congressional district|4th]]; DFL), [[Ilhan Omar]] ([[Minnesota's 5th congressional district|5th]]; DFL), [[Tom Emmer]] ([[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|6th]]; R), [[Michelle Fischbach]] ([[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|7th]]; R), and [[Pete Stauber]] ([[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|8th]]; R).
Federal court cases are heard in the [[United States District Court for the District of Minnesota]], in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and [[Fergus Falls]]. Appeals are heard by the [[Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] and St. Paul.
=== Tribal ===
The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the [[Dakota people|Dakota]] and [[Anishinaabe]] peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous [[Indian reservation|reservations]] that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:
Four Dakota [[Mdewakanton]] communities:
* [[Prairie Island Indian Community]]
* [[Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]]
* [[Lower Sioux Indian Reservation]]
* [[Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota|Upper Sioux Community{{snd}}Pejuhutazizi Oyate]]
Seven Anishinaabe reservations:
* [[Bois Forte Band of Chippewa]]
* [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]]
* [[Grand Portage Band of Chippewa]]
* [[Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[White Earth Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[Red Lake Band of Chippewa]]
The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the [[Minnesota Chippewa Tribe]], the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of political parties in Minnesota|United States congressional delegations from Minnesota|Minnesota's congressional districts|Political party strength in Minnesota}}
{{PresHead|place=Minnesota|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=27&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Minnesota|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=October 27, 2022|author=Leip, David}}</ref>}}
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|1,484,065|1,717,077|76,029|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|1,323,232|1,367,825|254,176|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|1,320,225|1,546,167|70,169|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|1,275,409|1,573,354|61,606|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|1,346,695|1,445,014|36,678|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|1,109,659|1,168,266|160,760|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|766,476|1,120,438|305,726|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|747,841|1,020,997|579,110|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|962,337|1,109,471|24,982|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1984|Democratic|1,032,603|1,036,364|15,482|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|873,241|954,174|224,538|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|819,395|1,070,440|60,096|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|898,269|802,346|41,037|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|658,643|857,738|72,129|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|559,624|991,117|3,721|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|757,915|779,933|4,039|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|719,302|617,525|3,178|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|763,211|608,458|7,814|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|483,617|692,966|35,643|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|527,416|589,864|8,249|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|596,274|644,196|10,718|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|350,461|698,811|80,703|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|363,959|600,806|38,078|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|560,977|396,451|13,548|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|420,759|55,913|345,474|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|519,421|142,994|73,423|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|179,544|179,152|28,668|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1912|Progressive|64,334|106,426|163,459|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|195,843|109,401|26,060|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|216,651|55,187|21,022|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1900|Republican|190,461|112,901|12,949|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1896|Republican|193,503|139,735|8,524|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1892|Republican|122,823|100,920|43,495|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1888|Republican|142,492|104,385|16,408|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1884|Republican|111,685|70,065|8,267|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1880|Republican|93,902|53,315|3,553|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1876|Republican|72,955|48,587|2,533|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1872|Republican|55,708|35,211|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1868|Republican|43,722|28,096|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1864|Republican|25,055|17,367|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresFoot|1860|Republican|22,069|11,920|748|Minnesota}}
Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and [[populism]] has been a long-standing force among the state's [[political party|political parties]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Leigh|last=Pomeroy|title=Populism Is Alive and Well in Southern Minnesota|year=2007|publisher=Minnesota Monitor|access-date=August 4, 2008|url=http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1728|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194926/http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1728 |archive-date = October 8, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Grayson| first = Katharine| title = Study: Minnesota tops nation in voter turnout| publisher = Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal| date = September 18, 2006| url = http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2006/09/18/daily3.html?surround=lfn| access-date = August 4, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629190509/http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2006/09/18/daily3.html?surround=lfn| archive-date = June 29, 2015| url-status = live}}</ref> Minnesota has a consistently high [[voter turnout]]. In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 U.S. presidential election]], 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted{{snd}}the highest percentage of any U.S. state{{snd}}versus the national average of 61.2%.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael P. McDonald |title=2008 Unofficial Voter Turnout |publisher=United States Elections Project, [[George Mason University]] |url=http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html |access-date=November 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113104435/http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html |archive-date=November 13, 2008 }}</ref> That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Voter Turnout Statistics |url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/data-maps/historical-voter-turnout-statistics/ |website=Minnesota Secretary of State |publisher=State of Minnesota |access-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518175300/https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/data-maps/historical-voter-turnout-statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Voters can register on [[Election Day (United States)|election day]] at their [[polling places]] with evidence of residency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=201.061&year=2011|title=201.061 – 2011 Minnesota Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=February 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220242/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=201.061&year=2011|archive-date=February 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Hubert Humphrey]] brought national attention to the state with his address at the [[1948 Democratic National Convention]]. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for [[Ronald Reagan]] in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when the state was won by Republican [[Richard Nixon]].
Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party]] (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and [[Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party|Farmer-Labor]] parties.
The state has had active third-party movements. The [[Reform Party of the United States|Reform Party]], now the [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]], was able to elect former mayor of [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]] and [[professional wrestler]] [[Jesse Ventura]] to the [[Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1998|governorship in 1998]]. The [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]] has received enough support to keep major-party status. The [[Green Party of Minnesota|Green Party]], while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,<ref name="GrnOffHldrs">{{cite web | title = Office Holders | publisher = Green Party of Minnesota | url = http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php | access-date = April 18, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070107163820/http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php |archive-date = January 7, 2007}}</ref> notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved for parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).
The state's [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] seats have generally been split since the early 1990s and in the [[108th United States Congress|108th]] and [[109th United States Congress|109th]] Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans [[Tim Pawlenty]] and [[Carol Molnau]] narrowly won reelection. The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first [[African American]] U.S. Representative from Minnesota, as well as the first [[Muslim]] elected to Congress nationwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minnesota Democrat becomes first Muslim to win seat in Congress |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |date=November 7, 2006 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php |access-date=December 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128232133/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php |archive-date=November 28, 2006 }}</ref> In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host [[Al Franken]] defeated incumbent Republican [[Norm Coleman]] in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.
In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton's election, the DFL party took the governor's office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,<ref>Pugmire, Tim, [http://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election ''Minn. House: Republicans take control''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119134322/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election |date=November 19, 2017 }}, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref> and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.<ref>MPR News Staff, [http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated ''Republicans take full control of Minnesota Legislature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217230327/http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated |date=February 17, 2017 }}, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref>
In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer [[Tim Walz]] as Governor.
In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Media ==
{{Main|List of media in Minnesota}}{{See also|List of newspapers in Minnesota}}
[[File:KSTP Studio.jpg|thumb|right|[[KSTP-TV|KSTP studios]]]]
The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest [[media market]] in the United States, as ranked by [[Nielsen Media Research]]. The state's other top markets are [[Fargo–Moorhead]] (118th nationally), [[Twin Ports|Duluth–Superior]] (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |archive-date= May 17, 2006 |title= 210 Designated Market Areas – 03–04| publisher = Nielsen Media | access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref>
[[Terrestrial television|Broadcast television]] in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when [[KSTP-TV]] began broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14 |title= 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS History |publisher= kstp.com |access-date= March 28, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011120258/http://kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14 |archive-date= October 11, 2007 }}</ref> [[Hubbard Broadcasting]], which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities [[CBS]] station [[WCCO-TV]] and [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] station [[KMSP-TV]] are [[owned-and-operated]] by their respective networks. There are [[List of television stations in Minnesota (by channel number)|39 analog]] broadcast stations and 23 [[digital television|digital]] channels broadcast over Minnesota.
The four largest daily newspapers are the ''[[Star Tribune]]'' in Minneapolis, the ''[[St. Paul Pioneer Press|Pioneer Press]]'' in Saint Paul, the ''[[Duluth News Tribune]]'' in Duluth, and the ''[[Post-Bulletin]]'' in Rochester. ''[[Minnesota Daily|The Minnesota Daily]]'' is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Board of Directors|url=http://www.mndaily.com/board.php|publisher=The Minnesota Daily|access-date=April 28, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408053528/http://www.mndaily.com/board.php |archive-date = April 8, 2008}}</ref> Sites offering daily news on the Web include ''[[The UpTake]]'', ''[[MinnPost.com|MinnPost]]'', the Twin Cities ''Daily Planet'', business news site ''[[Finance & Commerce|Finance and Commerce]]'' and Washington D.C.-based ''[[Minnesota Independent]]''. Weeklies including ''[[City Pages]]'' and monthly publications such as ''Minnesota Monthly'' are available.
Two of the largest [[public radio]] networks, [[Minnesota Public Radio]] (MPR) and [[Public Radio International]] (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web | title = About MPR | publisher = Minnesota Public Radio | url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/ | access-date = August 17, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080918172247/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/ | archive-date = September 18, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations|title=MPR Stations|website=Minnesota Public Radio |access-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003073337/https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations/|archive-date=October 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.<ref>{{cite web | title = PRI factsheet | url = http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html | publisher = Public Radio International | access-date = May 7, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218205641/http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html | archive-date = December 18, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> The state's oldest radio station, [[KUOM]]-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-[[List of oldest radio stations|oldest radio stations]] in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a [[campus radio|college rock]] format.
== Sports, recreation and tourism ==
Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and [[environmentalism]], added to traditional interests in [[hunting]] and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.<ref>Aaron Shapiro, ''The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest'' (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).</ref>
=== Organized sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Minnesota}}
[[File:2006 WCHA Final Five.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of North Dakota]] and [[St. Cloud State University]] during the [[Western Collegiate Hockey Association|WCHA]] Final Five at the [[Xcel Energy Center]]]]
Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports.
The [[Minnesota Vikings]] have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in [[Metropolitan Stadium]] from 1961 through 1981 and in the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team's new home, [[U.S. Bank Stadium]]. The Vikings' current stadium hosted [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018. [[Super Bowl XXVI]] was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl [[Super Bowl IV]], [[Super Bowl VIII]], [[Super Bowl IX]], and [[Super Bowl XI]], losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent.
The [[Minnesota Twins]] have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original [[Minnesota Twins|Washington Senators]], a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and [[1991 World Series]] in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the [[1965 World Series]], where they lost to the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] in seven games. The team has played at [[Target Field]] since 2010.
The [[Minneapolis Lakers]] of the National Basketball Association played in the [[Minneapolis Auditorium]] from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in [[Target Center]] since 1990.
The National Hockey League's [[Minnesota Wild]] play in St. Paul's [[Xcel Energy Center]], and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recap, Flames 3, Wild 2, SO |publisher=Minnesota Wild |date=January 17, 2008 |url=http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118091528/http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2 |archive-date=January 18, 2008 |access-date=April 7, 2008 }}</ref> Previously, the [[Minnesota North Stars]] competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 [[Stanley Cup Finals]].
[[Minnesota United FC]] joined [[Major League Soccer]] as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division [[North American Soccer League (2010)|North American Soccer League]] from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at [[Allianz Field]] in St. Paul.<ref>{{cite news |last=Van Berkel |first=Jessie |date=December 12, 2016 |title=Minnesota United officials say 'big dig' at stadium site will begin in spring |url=http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-united-to-hold-ceremonial-groundbreaking-for-st-paul-stadium/406049026/ |work=Star-Tribune |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213212815/http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-united-to-hold-ceremonial-groundbreaking-for-st-paul-stadium/406049026/ |archive-date=December 13, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Previous professional soccer teams have included the [[Minnesota Kicks]], which played at [[Metropolitan Stadium]] from 1976 to 1981, and the [[Minnesota Strikers]] from 1984 to 1988.
Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The [[Minnesota Swarm]] of the [[National Lacrosse League]] played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The [[St. Paul Saints]], who play at [[CHS Field]] in St. Paul, are the [[Triple-A (baseball)|Triple-A]] minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.
Professional women's sports include the [[Minnesota Lynx]] of the Women's National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, [[Minnesota Aurora FC]] of the [[United Soccer League]] [[USL W-League (1995–2015)|W-League]], the [[Minnesota Vixen]] of the [[Independent Women's Football League]], the [[Minnesota Valkyrie]] of the Legends Football League, and the [[Minnesota Whitecaps]] of the National Women's Hockey League.
The Twin Cities campus of the [[University of Minnesota]] is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the [[Big Ten Conference]]. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]]; [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]; [[St. Cloud State University]] and [[Bemidji State University]]. There are nine [[NCAA Division II]] colleges in the [[Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference]], and twenty [[NCAA Division III]] colleges in the [[Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] and [[Upper Midwest Athletic Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | title = NCAA Directory: Minnesota | publisher = NCAA | url = https://web3.ncaa.org/directory/memberList?type=12&state=MN | access-date = September 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180920164302/https://web3.ncaa.org/directory/memberList?type=12&state=MN | archive-date = September 20, 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Upper Midwest Athletic Conference – History| publisher = Upper Midwest Athletic Conference| url = http://www.umacathletics.com/Sports/gen/2008/History.asp?nl=25&tab=abouttheumac| access-date = April 13, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503044213/http://www.umacathletics.com/Sports/gen/2008/History.asp?nl=25&tab=abouttheumac| archive-date = May 3, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref>
Minneapolis has hosted the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship]] in [[1951 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1951]], [[1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1992]], [[2001 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2001]], and [[2019 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2019]].
The [[Hazeltine National Golf Club]] has hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]], [[U.S. Women's Open]], [[U.S. Senior Open]] and [[PGA Championship]]. The course also hosted the [[Ryder Cup]] in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hazeltinenational.com/|title=Hazeltine National Golf Club – Premier Golf Destination|first=Hazeltine National Golf|last=Club|website=hazeltinenational.com|access-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816063422/http://www.hazeltinenational.com/|archive-date=August 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Interlachen Country Club]] has hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]], [[U.S. Women's Open]], and Solheim Cup.
[[Winter Olympic Games]] medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the [[gold medal]] [[Miracle on Ice|1980 ice hockey team]] (coached by Minnesota native [[Herb Brooks]]) and the bronze medalist [[Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics#Men's|U.S. men's]] [[curling]] team in the [[2006 Winter Olympics]], as well as the gold medal-winning team from [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] at the [[Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics#Men's|2018 Winter Olympics]]. Swimmer [[Tom Malchow]] won an Olympic gold medal in the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Summer games]] and a silver medal in [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]].
[[Grandma's Marathon]] is run every summer along the scenic [[North Shore (Lake Superior)|North Shore of Lake Superior]], and the [[Twin Cities Marathon]] winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the [[color change in leaves|fall color season]]. Farther north, [[Eveleth, Minnesota|Eveleth]] is the location of the [[United States Hockey Hall of Fame]].
=== Outdoor recreation ===
[[File:Lake Calhoun MN.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing on [[Bde Maka Ska]] in Minneapolis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/minnesota/supreme-court/2020/a18-1007.html|title=Save Lake Calhoun v. Strommen|publisher=Minnesota Supreme Court|date=May 13, 2020|access-date=June 14, 2023|archive-date=July 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709190207/https://law.justia.com/cases/minnesota/supreme-court/2020/a18-1007.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,<ref>{{cite web | title = Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State | publisher = Statemaster | year = 2002 | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | access-date = April 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | archive-date = May 13, 2013 }}</ref> and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.<ref>{{cite web | title = Green Hunters: Minnesota DNR | publisher = Fish & Wildlife Today | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september97/message.html | access-date = April 7, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080201043003/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september97/message.html| archive-date = February 1, 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Listening Point sauna.jpg|thumb|An old [[sauna]] cabin of [[Listening Point]] on the shores of [[Burntside Lake]] in [[Morse Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota|Morse Township]], Minnesota]]
In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family [[cottage|cabins]] on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include [[water sports]] such as [[water skiing]], which originated in the state,<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Skiing History |website=ABC of Skiing |publisher=MaxLifestyle.net "Go Skiing like Max!" |year=2006 |url=http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421022737/http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp |archive-date=April 21, 2008 }}</ref> [[boating]], [[canoeing]], and [[fishing]]. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.<ref>{{cite web | title = Managing for Results | publisher = Minnesota DNR | url = http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf | access-date = April 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf | archive-date = April 6, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref>
Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; [[ice fishing]] has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Benjamin
| first = Robert W.
| title = Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience
| publisher = Buzzle.com
| date = July 15, 2006
| url = http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120730165044/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp
| archive-date = July 30, 2012
| access-date = April 7, 2008}}</ref> Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as [[ice skating|skating]], [[Ice hockey|hockey]], curling, and [[broomball]], and snow sports such as [[cross-country skiing]], [[alpine skiing]], [[luge]], [[snowshoeing]], and [[snowmobile|snowmobiling]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Turning Snow into Sport
| website = Explore Minnesota Experiences
| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism
| url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx
| access-date = April 7, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080401034153/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx| archive-date = April 1, 2008}}</ref> Minnesota is the only U.S. state where [[bandy]] is played.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usabandy.com/|title=Home|website=USA Bandy|access-date=January 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211044326/http://www.usabandy.com/|archive-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, [[camping]], and [[hiking]]. There are almost {{convert|20000|mi|km}} of snowmobile trails statewide.<ref>{{cite web| title = Snowmobiling Minnesota| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080604210514/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499 |archive-date = June 4, 2008}}</ref> Minnesota has more miles of [[bike trail]]s than any other state,<ref>{{cite web| title = Take to the Trails! Explore Minnesota Biking| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080127122558/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx |archive-date = January 27, 2008}}</ref> and a growing network of [[trail|hiking trails]], including the {{convert|235|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Superior Hiking Trail]] in the northeast.<ref>{{cite web| title = Superior Hiking Trail| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism| url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx| access-date = December 2, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231234219/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx| archive-date = December 31, 2010}}</ref> Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.
== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Minnesota}}
* [[Index of Minnesota-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Minnesota]]
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{sister project links|Minnesota|voy=Minnesota}}
=== Culture and history ===
* [http://www.mnhs.org/ Minnesota Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070814134732/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/ Minnesota Place Names]
* [http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/ Minnesota Reflections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200643/http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/ |date=May 25, 2017 }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/minnesota/index.html Minnesota State Guide] from the Library of Congress
=== General ===
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Minnesota}}
=== Government ===
* {{official website|http://www.state.mn.us/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022132614/http://mn.gov/indianaffairs/tribes.html Indian Affairs Council, State of Minnesota]
* [http://www.prairieisland.org/ Prairie Island Indian Community]
* [http://www.shakopeedakota.org/ Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]
* [http://www.lowersioux.com/ Lower Sioux Indian Community]
* [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate]
* [http://www.mnchippewatribe.org/ Minnesota Chippewa Tribe]
* [http://www.boisforte.com/ Bois Forte Band of Chippewa]
* [http://www.fdlrez.com/ Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]
* [http://www.grandportage.com/ Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]
* [http://www.llojibwe.org/ Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe]
* [http://www.millelacsojibwe.org/ Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe]
* [http://www.whiteearth.com/ White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council]
* [http://www.redlakenation.org/ Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians]
=== Maps and demographics ===
* [https://mn.gov/admin/demography/ Minnesota State Demographic Center]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=27&StateName=Minnesota#.U85vdPldVu0 State Facts from USDA]
* [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/ Minnesota State Highway Map]
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/165471 Minnesota at OpenStreetMap]
=== Tourism and recreation ===
* [http://www.exploreminnesota.com/ Explore Minnesota]
* [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/index.html Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{clear}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before = [[California]]}}
{{S-ttl|title = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]|years = Admitted on May 11, 1858 (32nd)}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Oregon]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Navboxes
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|list =
{{Minnesota|expanded}}
{{Protected areas of Minnesota}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{New France}}
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{{coord|46|-94|dim:300000_region:US-MN_type:adm1st|name=State of Minnesota|display=title}}
[[Category:Minnesota| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1858]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Dakota toponyms]]
[[Category:Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Contiguous United States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{about|the U.S. state|other uses||}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Minnesota
| image_flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg <!-- do not replace with new flag until the official date -->
| flag_link = Flag of Minnesota
| image_seal = State Seal of Minnesota.svg
| seal_link = Seal of Minnesota
| nicknames = Land of 10,000 Lakes;<br />North Star State; Gopher State
| motto = {{lang|fr|[[L'Étoile du Nord]]}} (French: The Star of the North)
| anthem = "[[Hail! Minnesota]]"
| image_map = Minnesota in United States.svg
| OfficialLang = none
| Languages = * [[English language|English]] 88.9%
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
*[[Somali language|Somali]]
* [[Hmong language|Hmong]]<ref name="Immigration Language MN"/>
| population_demonym = Minnesotan
| LargestCity = [[Minneapolis]]
| LargestCounty = [[Hennepin County|Hennepin]]
| seat = [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]
| LargestMetro = [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]]
| area_rank = 12th
| area_total_sq_mi = 86,935.83
| area_total_km2 = 225,163
| width_mi = 200–350
| width_km = 320–560
| length_mi = about 400
| length_km = 640
| area_water_percent = 8.40
| Latitude = 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
| Longitude = 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
| population_rank = 22nd
| population_as_of = 2023
| 2010Pop = 5,737,915<ref name="2023 Estimate">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |work=QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 Estimate |access-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213024646/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2000DensityUS = 68.9 <!--2015 estimate-->
| 2000Density = 26.6 <!--2015 estimate-->
| population_density_rank = 36th (2020 census)
| MedianHouseholdIncome = $74,593<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=May 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|13th]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn|name = NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}
| elevation_max_ft = 2,301
| elevation_max_m = 701
| elevation_ft = 1,200
| elevation_m = 370
| elevation_min_point = [[Lake Superior]]<ref name=USGS />{{efn|name=NAVD88}}<ref>[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png "Lake Superior Water Levels"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807223014/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png |date=August 7, 2016}}, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Updated daily.</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 183
| elevation_min_ft = 602
| Former = Minnesota Territory
| AdmittanceDate = May 11, 1858
| AdmittanceOrder = 32nd State in the Union
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Tim Walz]] ([[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)}}
| Legislature = [[Minnesota Legislature]]
| Upperhouse = [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Minnesota Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Amy Klobuchar]] (DFL)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Tina Smith]] (DFL)}}
| Representative = 4 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]<br />4 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]
| utc_offset1 = – 06:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = – 05:00
| iso_code = US-MN
| postal_code = MN
| TradAbbreviation = Minn.
| website = MN.gov
| area_land_sq_mi = 79,626.74
| area_land_km2 = 206,232
| area_water_sq_mi = 7,309.09
| area_water_km2 = 18,930
| Capital = Saint Paul, Minnesota
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
<!--http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/Symbols.aspx-->
|state = Minnesota
|bird = [[Common loon]]
|butterfly = [[Monarch butterfly|Monarch]]
|fish = [[Walleye]]
|flower = [[Cypripedium reginae|Pink-and-white lady's slipper]]
|mushroom = [[Common morel]] (''Morchella esculenta'')
|tree = [[Norway pine]]<ref name="StateSymbolsUSA">{{cite web |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |title=Minnesota State Tree – Red Pine (Norway Pine) |date=October 11, 2014 |publisher=State Symbols USA |access-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200203/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|beverage = [[Milk]]
|food = {{ubl
|'''Fruit:''' [[Honeycrisp]] apple
|'''Muffin:''' [[Blueberry]]
|'''Mushroom:''' [[Morel]]
}}
|gemstone = [[Lake Superior agate]]
|other = '''Photograph:''' [[Grace (photograph)|Grace]]
| image_quarter = 2005 MN Proof.png
| quarter_release_date = 2005
}}
'''Minnesota''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Native Minnesotan Pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|m|ɪ|n|ə|ˈ|s|oʊ|t|ə}} {{respell|MIN|ə|SOH|tə}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[upper midwest|Upper Midwest]]ern region of the [[United States]]. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|12th largest U.S. state in area]] and the [[List of U.S. state that has Craig's gorgeous George in it n he loves her sexy ass and territories by population|22nd most populous]], with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes" for having more than 14,000 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres each;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=John A. |date=May 17, 2021 |title=Minnesota: Land of How Many Lakes? |url=https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-information/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101204342/https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-info/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes |archive-date=January 1, 2023 |website=Minnesota Sea Grant}}</ref> roughly a third of the state is [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|forested]]; much of the remainder is [[prairie]] and farmland. More than 60% of Minnesotans (about 3.7 million) live in the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]] metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", the state's main [[Politics of Minnesota|political]], [[Economy of Minnesota|economic]], and [[Culture of Minnesota|cultural]] hub<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Estimates: Latest annual estimates of Minnesota and its Economic Development Regions' population and households, 2021 |url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/ |website=Population Data |publisher=Minnesota State Demographic Center |access-date=May 13, 2019 |date=August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513130752/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/ |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S.]] Other minor [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan]] and [[Micropolitan statistical area|micropolitan]] statistical areas include [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]], [[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], and [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=January 2017|title=Greater Minnesota Refined & Revisited|url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412030707/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=May 13, 2019|website=Greater Minnesota Status Report|publisher=Minnesota State Demographic Center}}</ref>
Minnesota, which gets its name from the [[Dakota language]], has been inhabited by various [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous peoples]] since the [[Woodland period]] of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous [[Hopewell tradition]] emerged: the [[Laurel complex]] in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the [[Mississippi River Valley]] in the south. The [[Upper Mississippian|Upper Mississippian culture]], consisting of the [[Oneota]] people and other [[Siouan]] speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and [[missionaries]] were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the [[Dakota people|Dakota]], [[Ojibwe]], and various [[Anishinaabe]] tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the [[Louisiana Territory|vast French holding of Louisiana]], which [[Louisiana Purchase|the United States purchased]] in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the [[Minnesota Territory]] was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota's official motto, {{lang|fr|L'Étoile du Nord}} ("The Star of the North") is the only [[List of U.S. state and territory mottos|state motto]] in [[French language|French]]; this phrase was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state's early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.
As part of the [[American frontier]], Minnesota attracted settlers and [[Homestead Acts|homesteaders]] from across the country. Its growth was initially based on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from [[Scandinavia]], Germany, and [[Central Europe]]; many were linked to the failed [[revolutions of 1848]], which partly influenced the state's development as a center of [[American labor movement|labor and social activism]].<ref name="The transition of a new world Bohemia.">{{cite web|last1=Jerabek|first1=Esther|title=The transition of a new world Bohemia.|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf|access-date=May 10, 2020|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224051452/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Minnesota's rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated [[Progressive Era|major social, economic, and political changes]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of [[Labor rights in the United States|labor rights]], [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]], and political reform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Backerud |first=Thomas K. |date=August 26, 2014 |title=What it meant to be 'progressive' in turn-of-the-century Minnesota |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202657/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/ |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |website=MinnPost |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, Minnesota is unique among Midwestern states in being a relative stronghold of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier |first=Eric |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Republicans and Democrats Have Record Presidential Winning Streaks in 36 States |url=https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2015/09/03/republicans-and-democrats-have-record-presidential-winning-streaks-in-36-states/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190857/https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2015/09/03/republicans-and-democrats-have-record-presidential-winning-streaks-in-36-states/ |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=June 18, 2022 |website=Smart Politics |language=en-US}}</ref>
Since the late 20th century, Minnesota's economy has diversified away from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care; it is consequently one of the richest states in terms of GDP and per capita income. Minnesota is home to 11 federally recognized [[Indian reservation|Native American reservations]] (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and its culture, demographics, and religious landscape reflect [[Scandinavian American|Scandinavian]] and [[German Americans|German]] influence. In more recent decades, the state has become more multicultural, driven by both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the [[Horn of Africa]], and the Middle East; the state has the nation's largest population of [[History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Somali Americans]] and second-largest [[History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Hmong community]].<ref name="MNHmong">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Mai Na M. |date=October 5, 2021 |title=Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota |url=https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006025521/https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |website=MNopedia}}</ref> Minnesota's [[Standard of living in the United States|standard of living]] and level of education are among the highest in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frohlich |first1=Thomas |last2=Hess |first2=Alexander E.M. |last3=Kent |first3=Alexander |last4=Serenbetz |first4=Robert |date=September 23, 2014 |title=America's Most (and Least) Educated States |url=http://247wallst.com/special-report/2014/09/23/americas-most-and-least-educated-states/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020651/http://247wallst.com/special-report/2014/09/23/americas-most-and-least-educated-states/2/ |archive-date=February 3, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2015 |website=24/7 WallStreet}}</ref> and it is ranked among the best states in metrics such as employment, median income, safety, and governance.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota# Minnesota Rankings and Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622182544/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota |date=June 22, 2021 }} | US News Best States</ref>
== Etymology ==
The word ''Minnesota'' comes from the [[Dakota language|Dakota]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Good Question: How Did Minnesota Get Its Name? |url=https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2015/05/11/good-question-how-did-minnesota-get-its-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716234507/https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2015/05/11/good-question-how-did-minnesota-get-its-name/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=September 9, 2019 |website=CBS Minnesota}}</ref> name for the [[Minnesota River]], which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: "{{Lang|dak|mní sóta}}", which means "clear blue water",<ref>New Lakota dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium (2008).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630 |title=Mnisota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002143839/https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630 |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |work=Dakota Dictionary Online |publisher=University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies |date=2010 |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> or "{{Lang|dak|Mníssota}}", which means "cloudy water".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1631 |title=Mnisota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200616/https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1631 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |work=Dakota Dictionary Online |publisher=University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies |date=2010 |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="mnhs-name">{{cite web | title = Minnesota State | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | url = http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/otheritem.cfm?PlaceNameID=2007&BookCodeID=67&County=0&SendingPage=Results.cfm | access-date = April 26, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070901215624/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/otheritem.cfm?PlaceNameID=2007&BookCodeID=67&County=0&SendingPage=Results.cfm | archive-date = September 1, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Early explorers interpreted the Dakota name for the Minnesota River in different ways, and four spellings of the state's name were considered before settling on "Minnesota" in 1849, when the Territory of Minnesota was formed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Origin and History of the Minnesota Place Name |last=Sandy | first=John H. |date=January 4, 2024 | url = https://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/13032 | access-date = 2024-01-25 }}</ref> [[Dakota people]] demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it ''{{Lang|dak|mní sóta}}''.<ref name="mnhs-name" /> Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as [[Minnehaha Falls]] ("curling water" or waterfall), [[Minneiska, Minnesota|Minneiska]] ("white water"), [[Minneota, Minnesota|Minneota]] ("much water"), [[Lake Minnetonka|Minnetonka]] ("big water"), [[Minnetrista, Minnesota|Minnetrista]] ("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, a [[hybrid word]] combining Dakota ''{{Lang|dak|mní}}'' ("water") and ''-{{Lang|el-latn|polis}}'' ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "city").<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnehaha Creek | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | url = http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm | access-date = April 26, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430112357/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm | archive-date = April 30, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Minnesota}}
[[File:Minnesota Territory 1849.svg|thumb|left|Map of [[Minnesota Territory]] 1849–1858]]
When Europeans arrived in North America, the [[Dakota people]] lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French [[voyageurs]], [[fur trade]]rs who arrived in the 17th century. They used the [[Grand Portage National Monument|Grand Portage]] to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The [[Anishinaabe]] (also known as [[Ojibwe]] or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,<ref name="timepieces">{{cite web | title = TimePieces | url = http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society | access-date = September 19, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060917211935/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm | archive-date = September 17, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and dislocated the [[Mdewakanton]] from their homelands along [[Mille Lacs Lake]]. Explorers such as [[Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut]], Father [[Louis Hennepin]], [[Jonathan Carver]], [[Henry Schoolcraft]], and [[Joseph Nicollet]] mapped the state.
The region was part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Louisiana]] from 1762 to 1802.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase – History, Facts, & Map |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010249/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=December 31, 2014 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Charles |last2=Faber |first2=Lo |title=Spanish Colonial Louisiana |url=http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090342/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana |archive-date=February 19, 2018 |access-date=February 18, 2018 |website=Know Louisiana}}</ref> The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]], when the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Second Treaty of Paris]] was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the [[Louisiana Purchase]], though the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] disputed the [[Red River Valley]] until the [[Treaty of 1818]], when the border on the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] was agreed upon.<ref name="Lass" /> In 1805 [[Zebulon Pike]] bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the [[confluence]] of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.<ref name="Gilman">{{cite book | title = The Story of Minnesota's Past | last = Gilman | first = Rhoda R. | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | location = St. Paul, Minnesota | date = July 1, 1991 | isbn = 978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> Its soldiers built a [[grist mill]] and a [[sawmill]] at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.<ref name="hfs">{{cite web | url = http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | title = Historic Fort Snelling | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | access-date = July 6, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231055/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html | archive-date = July 16, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the [[Territory of Missouri]] that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory ([[Territories of the United States#Formerly unorganized territories|1821–1834]]) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived [[Territory of Michigan]] (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848, Minnesota and Iowa were part of the [[Territory of Wisconsin]]. From 1838 to 1846, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the [[Territory of Iowa]]. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848. When Iowa gained statehood western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. [[Minnesota Territory]] was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,<ref>{{cite web |title=City History |url=http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027214559/http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |website=Welcome to the City of Crystal, MN}}</ref> was dominated by men of [[New England]] ancestry.<ref>New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112</ref> Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|32nd U.S. state]] on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed "the New England of the West".<ref>A Collection of Confusable Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309</ref><ref>Minnesota: A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202-203</ref><ref>Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West. With incidents of travel in that territory during the summer of 1849. With a map by E. S. SEYMOUR page xii</ref><ref>Northern Lights: The Stories of Minnesota's Past By Dave Kenney, Hillary Wackman, Nancy O'Brien Wagner page 94</ref>
[[File:Dakota War of 1862-stereo-right.jpg|thumb|upright|Mixed Dakota-Europeans who were rescued by "non-hostile" Dakota. The girl in the foreground wrapped in the striped blanket is Elise Robertson, the sister of Thomas Robertson, a mixed blood who acted as an intermediary between the Dakota and the European-Americans during the [[Dakota War of 1862]]|left]]
Treaties between the U.S. government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto [[Indian reservation|reservations]]. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the [[Dakota War of 1862]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kunnen-Jones |first=Marianne |title=Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising |publisher=University of Cincinnati |date=August 21, 2002 |url=http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |access-date=June 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2008 }}</ref> The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of [[Little Crow]]'s eastern Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.<ref name="anderson2019">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). ''Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. P. 107 {{ISBN|978-0-8061-6434-2}}</ref> The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the [[Crow Creek Reservation]] by the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] in [[Dakota Territory]]. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into [[Rupert's Land]].<ref name="Lass">{{cite book | last = Lass | first = William E. | title = Minnesota: A History | edition = 2nd | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company | location = New York, NY | year = 1998 | orig-date = 1977 | isbn = 978-0-393-04628-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8 }}</ref> As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.<ref>Steil, Mark and Tim Post. [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223010616/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml |date=February 23, 2018 }}. Minnesota Public Radio. September 26, 2002.</ref>
Minnesota Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] subsequently declared that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state"<ref>{{cite news|title=The controversial career of Minnesota's first territorial governor, Alexander Ramsey |work=MinnPost |first=Jayne |last=Becker |date=October 1, 2018 |url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104233734/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/|archive-date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to [[Fort Snelling]] to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.<ref name="aftermath">{{cite news|title=U.S.-Dakota War's aftermath a 'dark moment' in Fort Snelling history "work=Pioneer Press |first=Nick |last=Woltman |date=May 2019 |url=https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227171951/https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/|archive-date=December 27, 2020}}</ref> [[William Crooks (colonel)|William Crooks]], commander of [[6th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|6th Minnesota]], had a [[palisade]] erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |date=December 11, 2012 |first=John |last=Biewen |title=Part 10: Payback for the Dakota – banishment |publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203234241/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |title=Forced Marches & Imprisonment |work=The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 |date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |access-date=July 6, 2013 |archive-date=March 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320010318/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bounty">Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The US-Dakota War, Hamline University, C. Rotel, 2013,[https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210952/http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch|date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but [[Abraham Lincoln]] reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.<ref name="Lass"/>
In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal [[Indian Commissioner]]. His successor, Governor [[Henry Adoniram Swift|Henry Swift]], raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.<ref name="Bounty" /> Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the [[Treaty of Old Crossing]], whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.
Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of [[Pine City, Minnesota|Pine City]], [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]], [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater]], and [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona]] processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.<ref name="Lass" /> St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers'" or "clear" flour which it replaced.<ref>{{cite web| last =Hazen| first =Theodore R.| title =New Process Milling of 1850–70| publisher =Pond Lily Mill Restorations| url =http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| access-date =May 11, 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130619073151/http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html| archive-date =June 19, 2013| url-status =live}}</ref> By 1900 Minnesota mills, led by [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]], [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company|Northwestern]], and the Washburn-Crosby Company (an ancestor of [[General Mills]]), were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Danbom, David B. |date=Spring 2003 | title = Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls | journal = Minnesota History | volume = 58 | issue = 5 | pages = 271–285}}</ref>
[[File:Phelpsmill ottertailcounty.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Phelps Mill]] in [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail County]]]]
The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the [[Vermilion Range (Minnesota)|Vermilion]] and [[Mesabi Range|Mesabi]] ranges in the 1880s, followed by the [[Cuyuna Range]] in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] and [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] for ship transport east via the [[Great Lakes]].<ref name="Lass" />
Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hit hard by the [[Great Depression]], resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. [[New Deal]] programs provided some economic turnaround. The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and [[native language]]s were no longer suppressed.<ref name="Gilman" />
After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of [[feedlot]]s for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as [[tractor]]s and [[combine harvester|combines]] became the norm. [[University of Minnesota]] professor [[Norman Borlaug]] contributed to these developments as part of the [[Green Revolution]].<ref name="Gilman" /> Increased mobility in turn enabled more specialized jobs.<ref name="Gilman" /> Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. [[Engineering Research Associates]] was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the [[United States Navy]]. It later merged with [[Remington Rand]], and then became [[Sperry Rand]]. [[William Norris (CEO)|William Norris]] left Sperry in 1957 to form [[Control Data Corporation]] (CDC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |title=Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959 |publisher=Hagley Museum and Library |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622021939/http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2006 }}</ref> [[Cray]] Research was formed when [[Seymour Cray]] left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker [[Medtronic]] also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949. The nonprofit [[Mayo Clinic]], which was founded in 1864 in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], grew to become one of the country's leading medical systems, and, by the 21st century, Minnesota's largest private employer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fye |first=W. Bruce |date=2010 |title=PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International "Medical Mecca" |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=323–357 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2010.0019 |issn=0007-5140 |jstor=44448967 |pmid=21037395 |s2cid=44839983}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoff |first=Jennifer |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Mayo Clinic, legislature standoff could lead to economic hit on Minnesota |url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=kare11.com |language=en-US |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026185320/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1957, the legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which became the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]] in 1967.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gilman |first=Rhoda R. |title=The Story of Minnesota's Past |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=1991 |isbn=0-87351-267-7 |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota}}</ref> In 1971, under Governor [[Wendell R. Anderson|Wendell Anderson]], a series of legislation called the "Minnesota Miracle" led to a broad reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Tom |title=Minnesota's miracle: learning from the government that worked |date=2012 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-8053-5 |location=Minneapolis, MN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kenney |first1=Dave |title=Minnesota in the 70s |last2=Saylor |first2=Thomas |date=2013 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=978-0-87351-900-7 |location=St. Paul, MN}}</ref> Two postwar Minnesota governors, former dentist [[Rudy Perpich]] and former professional wrestler [[Jesse Ventura]], attracted national attention for their unconventional manner, but both enjoyed some popularity within the state.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> After a period of mostly divided government during the 21st century, the DFL ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]]) gained control of all three branches of Minnesota's government and passed significant reforms in the [[93rd Minnesota Legislature|2023 legislative session]], moving the state in a progressive direction.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Bierschbach |first1=Briana |last2=Van Berkel |first2=Jessie |date=May 20, 2023 |title=Minnesota Legislature wrapping work on one of the most consequential sessions in state history |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521043216/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/ |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=Star Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Tom |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Minnesota Miracle 2.0? Not quite, but close enough. |url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |access-date=June 18, 2023 |website=Star Tribune |archive-date=June 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618015110/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Minnesota}}
[[File:National-atlas-minnesota.svg|thumb|right|Scalable map of Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water]]
Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after [[Alaska]]) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated [[Northwest Angle]] in [[Lake of the Woods County]] is the only part of the 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states]] north of the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the [[Upper Midwest]] and part of North America's [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes region]]. It shares a [[Lake Superior]] water border with [[Michigan]] and a land and water border with [[Wisconsin]] to the east. [[Iowa]] is to the south, [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] are to the west, and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] are to the north. With {{convert|86,943|sqmi|km2}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Just the Facts |url=http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar |publisher=Minnesota North Star (official state government site). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401204836/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar |archive-date=April 1, 2009 }} Retrieved on July 4, 2009.</ref> or approximately 2.25% of the United States,<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Facts and figures |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615062217/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/us/minnesota-state-united-states-facts-figures.html |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |access-date=April 9, 2008 |publisher=Infoplease}}</ref> Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.<ref>{{cite web| title = Land and Water Area of States, 2008| publisher = Information Please| year = 2011| url = http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html| access-date = October 13, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720013202/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html| archive-date = July 20, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref>
=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of lakes in Minnesota|List of Minnesota rivers}}
[[File:StLouisRiver JayCooke.JPG|thumb|right|Tilted beds of the Middle [[Precambrian]] Thomson Formation in [[Jay Cooke State Park]]<ref name="MNGeog">{{cite book | last = Ojakangas | first = Richard W. |author2=Charles L. Matsch | others = Illus. Dan Breedy | title = Minnesota's Geology | year = 1982 | publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] | location= Minneapolis, Minnesota | isbn = 978-0-8166-0953-6}}</ref>]]
Minnesota has some of the earth's oldest rocks, [[gneiss]]es that are about 3.6{{spaces}}billion years old (80% as old as the planet).<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web | title = Geologic Time: Age of the Earth | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = October 9, 1997 | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | access-date = April 9, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | archive-date = December 23, 2005 | url-status = live }}</ref> About 2.7{{spaces}}billion years ago [[basalt]]ic [[lava]] poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial [[ocean]]; the remains of this [[volcano|volcanic]] rock formed the [[Canadian Shield]] in northeast Minnesota.<ref name="MNGeog" /><ref name="Compass">{{cite book | last = Breining | first = Greg | title = Compass American Guides: Minnesota, 3rd Edition | edition = 3rd | publisher = [[Fodor's|Compass American Guides]] | date = December 2005 | isbn = 978-1-4000-1484-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesota0003brei }}</ref> The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of [[Precambrian]] seas formed the [[Iron Range]] of northern Minnesota. Since a period of [[volcanism]] 1.1{{spaces}}billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of [[sedimentary rock]].<ref name="MNGeog" />
In [[Glacial history of Minnesota|more recent times]], massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state's landscape and sculpted its terrain.<ref name="MNGeog" /> The [[Wisconsin glaciation]] left 12,000 years ago.<ref name="MNGeog" /> These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the [[bedrock]]. This area is known as the [[Coulee Region|Driftless Zone]] for its absence of [[drift (geology)|glacial drift]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Natural history – Minnesota's geology |publisher=Minnesota DNR |url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html |year=2008 |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010202724/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html |archive-date=October 10, 2006 }}</ref> Much of the remainder of the state has 50 feet (15{{spaces}}m) or more of [[glacial till]] left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic [[Lake Agassiz]] formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile [[Red River of the North|Red River]] valley, and its outflow, [[glacial River Warren]], carved the valley of the [[Minnesota River]] and the Upper Mississippi downstream from [[Fort Snelling]].<ref name="MNGeog" /> Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences [[earthquake]]s infrequently, most of them minor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table Showing Minnesota Earthquakes |publisher=University of Minnesota, Morris |url=http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327204634/http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html |archive-date=March 27, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Palisade, Shovel Point (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Palisade Head]] on [[Lake Superior]] was formed from a [[Precambrian]] [[rhyolitic]] [[lava]] flow.<ref name="MNGeog" />]]
The state's high point is [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]] at 2,301 feet (701{{spaces}}m), which is only {{convert|13|mi|km}} away from the low point of 601 feet (183{{spaces}}m) at the shore of Lake Superior.<ref name="Compass" /><ref>{{cite web | title = {{convert|118|km|0|abbr=on}} SW of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada | website = Topographic map | publisher = U.S.G.S via terraserver.microsoft.com | date = July 1, 1964 | url = http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0 | access-date = April 13, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009100944/http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0 | archive-date = October 9, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling [[peneplain]].<ref name="MNGeog" />
Two major [[drainage divide]]s meet in Minnesota's northeast in rural [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing]], forming a triple [[Drainage basin|watershed]]. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] can follow the [[Mississippi River]] south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the [[Canada Hudson Bay drainage|Hudson Bay watershed]] to the Arctic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|title=Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America |publisher=National Atlas |date=October 2, 2007 |url=http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html |access-date=April 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513163803/http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref>
The state's nickname "Land of 10,000 Lakes" is apt, as there are 11,842 [[Minnesota lakes]] over {{convert|10|acre|ha|0}} in size.<ref name="dnr">{{cite web | title = Lakes, rivers & wetlands | website = MN Facts | publisher = Minnesota DNR | year = 2008 | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html | access-date = April 9, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130629143248/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html | archive-date = June 29, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Minnesota has the most named lakes of any U.S. states, but not the most lakes overall.{{efn|Four states have more lakes than Minnesota: Alaska, Kansas, Michigan, and Florida.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/the-number-of-u-s-lakes-by-state-where-does-your-state-rank/ar-AA1cUODR The Number of U.S. Lakes By State: Where Does Your State Rank?]</ref>}} Minnesota's portion of Lake Superior is the largest at {{convert|962,700|acre|ha km2}} and deepest (at {{convert|1290|ft|m|abbr=on}}) body of water in the state.<ref name="dnr" /> Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for {{convert|69,000|mi|km}}.<ref name="dnr" /> The Mississippi River begins its journey from its [[headwaters]] at [[Lake Itasca]] and crosses the Iowa border {{convert|680|mi|km}} downstream.<ref name="dnr" /> It is joined by the [[Minnesota River]] at Fort Snelling, by the [[St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)|St. Croix River]] near [[Hastings, Minnesota|Hastings]], by the [[Chippewa River (Wisconsin)|Chippewa River]] at [[Wabasha, MN|Wabasha]], and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately {{convert|10.6|e6acre|ha km2}} of wetlands are within Minnesota's borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.<ref name="weatheralmanac">{{cite book | last = Seeley | first = Mark W. | title = Minnesota Weather Almanac | publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-87351-554-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesotaweather0000seel }}</ref>
=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Natural history of Minnesota}}
Minnesota has four ecological provinces: [[prairie]] parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the [[Temperate deciduous forest|eastern broadleaf forest]] ([[Big Woods]]) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state's northwestern part, where it transitions into [[Tallgrass Aspen Parkland|tallgrass aspen parkland]]; and the northern [[Laurentian Mixed Forest Province|Laurentian mixed forest]], a transitional forest between the northern [[Taiga|boreal forest]] and the broadleaf forests to the south.<ref>[http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf Ecological Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104611/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf |date=October 20, 2017 }}, ''Ecological Classification System'', [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] (1999). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> These northern forests are a vast wilderness of [[pine]] and [[spruce]] trees mixed with patchy stands of [[birch]] and [[Populus|poplar]].
Much of Minnesota's northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of [[old growth forest]] today in areas such as the [[Chippewa National Forest]] and the [[Superior National Forest]], where the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]] has some {{convert|400000|acres|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} of unlogged land.<ref name="Heinselman">{{cite book | title = The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem | last = Heinselman | first = Miron | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis, Minnesota | year = 1996 |isbn = 978-0-8166-2805-6}}</ref> Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about [[Forest cover by state and territory in the United States|a third of the state forested]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Bewer | first = Tim | title = Moon Handbooks Minnesota | publisher = Avalon Travel Publishing | year = 2004 | edition = First | isbn = 978-1-56691-482-6 | url = https://archive.org/details/minnesota00bewe }}</ref> Nearly all Minnesota's prairies and [[oak savanna]]s have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.<ref>{{cite web | title = Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition (NA0415) | website = Terrestrial Ecoregions | publisher = [[World Wildlife Fund]] | year = 2001 | url = http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010429031358/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html | archive-date=April 29, 2001| access-date = September 3, 2012}} (archived from original June 11, 2008).</ref>
While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the [[American marten|pine marten]], [[elk]], [[Migratory Woodland Caribou|woodland caribou]], and [[American bison|bison]],<ref>Bison disappeared in the mid-19th century; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879. {{cite book|title=Big Game in Minnesota, Technical Bulletin, no. 9|last=Moyle|first=J. B.|publisher=Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Section of Research and Planning|year=1965|page=172}} As referenced in {{cite book|title=Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology|last=Anfinson|first=Scott F.|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|year=1997|isbn=978-0-87351-355-5|page=20}}</ref> others like [[whitetail deer]] and [[bobcat]] thrive. Minnesota has the nation's largest [[Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States|population of timber wolves]] outside Alaska,<ref>[http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf Gray Wolf Factsheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104610/https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf |date=October 20, 2017 }}, [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] (January 2007). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</ref> and supports healthy populations of [[American black bear|black bears]], [[moose]], and [[gopher]]s. Located on the [[Mississippi Flyway]], Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as [[Goose|geese]] and [[duck]]s, and game birds such as [[grouse]], [[pheasant]]s, and [[Turkey (bird)|turkeys]]. It is home to [[bird of prey|birds of prey]], including the largest number of breeding pairs of [[bald eagle]]s in the lower 48 states as of 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html|title=Center for Biological Diversity|website=www.biologicaldiversity.org|access-date=December 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323072614/http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html|archive-date=March 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[red-tailed Hawk|red-tailed hawks]], and [[snowy owl]]s. [[Hawk Ridge, Duluth|Hawk Ridge]] is one of the premier birdwatching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as [[walleye]], [[bass (fish)|bass]], [[muskellunge]], and [[northern pike]], while [[brook trout|brook]], [[brown trout|brown]], and [[rainbow trout]] populate streams in the southeast and northeast.
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Minnesota}}
[[File:Minnesota Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Minnesota]]
Minnesota experiences [[List of Minnesota weather records|temperature extremes]] characteristic of its [[continental climate]], with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|-60|F|C}} at [[Tower, Minnesota|Tower]] on February 2, 1996, and the highest was {{convert|114|F|C}} at [[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead]] on July 6, 1936.<ref name="extremes">{{cite web|title=Minnesota climate extremes |publisher=University of Minnesota |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm |access-date=May 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005084248/http://www.climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2006 }}</ref> Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, [[derecho]]s, tornadoes, and high-velocity [[Downburst|straight-line winds]]. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and average temperatures range from {{convert|37|to|49|F|C}}.<ref name="noaa">{{cite web | title = Climate of Minnesota | publisher = National Weather Service Forecast Office | url = http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf| access-date = May 3, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528042433/http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf |archive-date = May 28, 2008}}</ref> Average summer [[dew point|dewpoints]] range from about {{convert|58|F|C}} in the south to about {{convert|48|F|C}} in the north.<ref name="noaa" /><ref>{{cite web|title=104 Years of Twin Cities Dew Point Temperature Records: 1902–2006 |publisher=Minnesota Climatology Office |date=March 7, 2006 |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm |access-date=April 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526112144/http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm |archive-date=May 26, 2007 }}</ref> Average annual precipitation ranges from {{convert|19|to|35|in|cm}}, and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.<ref name="noaa" />
Minnesota has warmed over the past few years. Rising temperatures have affected natural habitats and many species that live in them. For example, the lakes' water is warming, which affects cold-water fish. Trout, for example, is a cold-water fish that is losing its habitat, while the habitat of bass, a warm-water fish, is growing.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Climate Change Means For Minnesota |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-mn.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota<ref name="Minnesota climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America|title=Minnesota climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031433/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] || 83/64 || 28/18 || 23/7 || −4/−13
|-
|[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] || 83/63 || 28/17 || 23/6 || −5/−14
|-
|[[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]] || 82/63 || 28/17 || 23/3 || −5/−16
|-
|[[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] || 76/55 || 24/13 || 19/1 || −7/−17
|-
|[[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud]] || 81/58 || 27/14 || 18/−1 || −7/−18
|-
|[[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]] || 86/62 || 30/16 || 23/3 || −5/−16
|-
|[[International Falls, Minnesota|International Falls]] || 77/52 || 25/11 || 15/−6 || −9/−21
|}
=== Protected lands ===
[[File:Pose lake Minnesota.jpg|thumb|right|Pose Lake in the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]]]]
Minnesota's first state park, [[Itasca State Park]], was established in 1891, and is the [[source (river or stream)|source]] of the Mississippi River.<ref>{{cite web | title = Itasca State Park | publisher = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | access-date = May 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080403192641/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html | archive-date = April 3, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Today Minnesota has [[List of Minnesota state parks|72 state parks]] and recreation areas, [[List of Minnesota state forests|58 state forests]] covering about four million acres (16,000{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup>), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]. The [[Chippewa National Forest|Chippewa]] and [[Superior National Forest|Superior national forests]] comprise {{convert|5.5|e6acre}}. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the [[Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness]], which encompasses over a million acres (4,000{{spaces}}km<sup>2</sup>) and a thousand lakes. To its west is [[Voyageurs National Park]]. The [[Mississippi National River and Recreation Area]] (MNRRA) is a {{convert|72|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places To Go|url=http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=May 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413225513/http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm|archive-date=April 13, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Cities and towns ==
{{See also|List of cities in Minnesota|List of townships in Minnesota}}
[[File:OwatonnaBank.JPG|thumb|right|[[National Farmers Bank]] in [[Owatonna, Minnesota|Owatonna]] by [[Louis Sullivan]]]]
[[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital city]] since 1849, first as capital of the [[Territory of Minnesota]], and then as the state capital since 1858.
Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul#Combined Statistical Area|Twin Cities metropolitan area]], the country's 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state's population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hibbs |first1=James |title=Analysis of the 2015 Population and Household Estimates |url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf |website=Demographic Reports and Analysis |publisher=Minnesota State Demographics Center |access-date=June 28, 2018 |page=2 |format=Presentation |date=November 1, 2016 |quote=Minnesota's estimated population in 2015 is 5,485,238. Over half (54.8%) of Minnesota's population lives in the seven Twin Cities area counties that make up Region 11. The population of Region 11 has surpassed three million. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184332/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The remainder of the state is known as "[[Regions of Minnesota|Greater Minnesota]]" or "Outstate Minnesota".<ref>{{cite web |title=Greater Minnesota Refined and Revisited |url=https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf |website=Minnesota State Demographics Center |publisher=State of Minnesota: Department of Administration |access-date=June 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628181622/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2010 census. In descending order of population, they are [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]], [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]], [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]], [[Plymouth, Minnesota|Plymouth]], [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|Saint Cloud]], [[Woodbury, Minnesota|Woodbury]], [[Eagan, Minnesota|Eagan]], [[Maple Grove, Minnesota|Maple Grove]], [[Coon Rapids, Minnesota|Coon Rapids]], [[Eden Prairie, Minnesota|Eden Prairie]], [[Minnetonka, MN|Minnetonka]], [[Burnsville, Minnesota|Burnsville]], [[Apple Valley, Minnesota|Apple Valley]], [[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]], and [[Lakeville, Minnesota|Lakeville]].<ref name="popest">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates |publisher=Minnesota Demographic Center |url=http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307174342/http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html |archive-date=March 7, 2008 }}</ref> Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] and [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same period.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web|title=Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information |publisher=Minnesota Pollution Control Agency |date=May 30, 2003 |url=http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |archive-date=April 6, 2008 }}</ref>
{{Largest cities
| country = Minnesota
| stat_ref = Source:<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/brooklynparkcityminnesota,duluthcityminnesota,bloomingtoncityminnesota,rochestercityminnesota,stpaulcityminnesota,minneapoliscityminnesota/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Minnesota
| div_name =
| div_link = List of counties in Minnesota{{!}}County
| city_1 = Minneapolis
| div_1 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_1 = 425,336
| img_1 = Minneapolis skyline 51.JPG
| city_2 = Saint Paul, Minnesota{{!}}Saint Paul
| div_2 = Ramsey County, Minnesota{{!}}Ramsey
| pop_2 = 307,193
| img_2 = Saint paul mn.jpg
| city_3 = Rochester, Minnesota{{!}}Rochester
| div_3 = Olmsted County, Minnesota{{!}}Olmsted
| pop_3 = 121,465
| img_3 = SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG
| city_4 = Bloomington, Minnesota{{!}}Bloomington
| div_4 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_4 = 89,298
| img_4 = Bloomingtontownhall.jpg
| city_5 = Duluth, Minnesota{{!}}Duluth
| div_5 = St. Louis County, Minnesota{{!}}St. Louis
| pop_5 = 86,372
| img_5 =
| city_6 = Brooklyn Park, Minnesota{{!}}Brooklyn Park
| div_6 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_6 = 84,526
| img_6 =
| city_7 = Plymouth, Minnesota{{!}}Plymouth
| div_7 = Hennepin County, Minnesota{{!}}Hennepin
| pop_7 = 79,828
| img_7 =
| city_8 = Woodbury, Minnesota{{!}}Woodbury
| div_8 = Washington County, Minnesota{{!}}Washington
| pop_8 = 76,990
| img_8 =
| city_9 = Lakeville, Minnesota{{!}}Lakeville
| div_9 = Dakota County, Minnesota{{!}}Dakota
| pop_9 = 72,812
| img_9 =
| city_10 = Blaine, Minnesota{{!}}Blaine
| div_10 = Anoka County, Minnesota{{!}}Anoka
| pop_10 = 70,935
| img_10 =
}}
The United States Navy has recognized
[[List of naval ships named for Minnesota|multiple Minnesota communities]].
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Minnesota}}
=== Overview ===
[[File:Minnesota 2020 Population Density.png|thumb|right|Minnesota 2020 Population Density Map]]
{{US Census population
|1850= 6077
|1860= 172023
|1870= 439706
|1880= 780773
|1890= 1310283
|1900= 1751394
|1910= 2075708
|1920= 2387125
|1930= 2563953
|1940= 2792300
|1950= 2982483
|1960= 3413864
|1970= 3804971
|1980= 4075970
|1990= 4375099
|2000= 4919479
|2010= 5303925
|2020= 5706494
|estimate= 5737915
|estyear= 2023
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html }}</ref><br />2022 Estimate<ref name="2023 Estimate" />
}}
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]] and the Minnesota State Demographic Center, Minnesota had a population of about 5.7 million in 2020, making it the 22nd-most populous U.S. state.<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222|title=QuickFacts Minnesota; UNITED STATES|website=2022 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=January 1, 2023|access-date=January 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011526/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Its fertility rate in 2021 was slightly below the replacement rate at 1.75, but the state has seen growth over the past century through more births than deaths, and significant immigration.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018 y464">{{cite web | title=Stats of the State of Minnesota | website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date=April 5, 2018 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm | access-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711002517/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> A destination for European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from [[Scandinavia]], [[Germany]], and [[Ireland]], it now attracts people from [[Latin America]], primarily Mexico; [[East Africa]], particularly [[Somalis]]; and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], especially [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], and [[Indian people|Indians]].<ref name="Immigration Language MN">{{cite web | title=Immigration & Language | website=Minnesota State Demographic Center | url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/ | access-date=June 27, 2023 | archive-date=June 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609162359/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The state has a diverse population in terms of age, birthplace, ancestry, and socioeconomic status, with a well-educated populace and a median household income around $77,000.<ref name="Census Bureau QuickFacts 2022 f936">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Minnesota | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=July 1, 2022 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221 | access-date=July 11, 2023 | archive-date=January 27, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127014543/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221 | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Race and ethnicity ===
Minnesota's racial demographics have significantly diversified since its early settlement period. As of 2020, according to U.S. census data, the white population had fallen to 77.5% from over 98% in the early to mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Concurrently, other racial populations have markedly increased. The Black population has risen to 7%, the Asian population to 5.3%, and those identifying as two or more races to 6.1%.
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; display:inline-table;"
|+ Racial composition in 2020<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web | title=MINNESOTA: 2020 Census | website=U.S. Census Bureau | date=May 12, 2022 | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/minnesota-population-change-between-census-decade.html | access-date=September 25, 2022 | archive-date=June 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609103749/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/minnesota-population-change-between-census-decade.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Race !! Percentage
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[White Americans|White]] || 77.5%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[African American|Black or African American]] || 7.0%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] || 1.2%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 5.3%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]] || 0.1%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 3.2%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || 6.1%
|}
According to the 2017 [[American Community Survey]], 5.1% of Minnesota's population were of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] origin (of any race): [[Mexican American|Mexican]] (3.5%), [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (0.2%), [[Cuban American|Cuban]] (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).<ref name="ACS2016DEMO">{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US27 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005744/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US27 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 }}</ref> The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were [[German Americans|German]] (33.8%), [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]] (15.3%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (10.5%), [[Swedish American|Swedish]] (8.1%), and [[English American|English]] (5.4%).<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – Selected Social Characteristics |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US27 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005732/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP02/0400000US27 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 }}</ref> Minnesota has the country's largest [[Somalis|Somali]] population, and the largest Hmong population per capita.<ref name="Imgpnanss">[http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/New_Americans_in_the_North_Star_State_2009.pdf New Americans in the North Star State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226202334/http://immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/New_Americans_in_the_North_Star_State_2009.pdf |date=December 26, 2013 }}</ref>
=== Immigration ===
Since the 1960s, Minnesota's immigrant population has been shaped by its status as a major area for refugee resettlement. As of 2018, Minnesota had the largest refugee population per capita of any state, with 2% of the country's population but 13% of its refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Bob Shaw {{!}} Pioneer |date=2018-01-13 |title=Minnesota has the most refugees per capita in the U.S. Will that continue? |url=https://www.twincities.com/2018/01/13/the-not-so-welcome-mat-minnesota-winces-at-refugee-cutbacks/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Twin Cities |language=en-US}}</ref> Other refugee groups that have recently been settling in Minnesota include Burmese, Congolese, Russians, and Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Decker |first=Julia |date=2023-12-15 |title=Asylum saves lives. It is under attack. |url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/12/15/asylum-saves-lives-it-is-under-attack/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |newspaper=Minnesota Reformer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-25 |title=About Refugees |url=https://www.mnchurches.org/what-we-do/refugee-services/about-refugees |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Minnesota Council of Churches}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Country of origin of first and second-generation immigrants (2023)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biggest sources of immigrants to Minnesota |url=https://stacker.com/minnesota/biggest-sources-immigrants-minnesota |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Stacker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=By immigrant group {{!}} MN Compass |url=https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/immigration |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.mncompass.org |language=en}}</ref>
!Country
!Population
|-
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
|95,227
|-
|{{Flag|Somalia}}
|76,658
|-
|''[[Hmong people]]''{{Efn|Hmong people are a stateless group; the majority of Hmong in Minnesota have immigrated from either Laos or Thailand.}}
|55,005
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|39,559
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|36,982
|-
|{{Flag|Laos}}
|24,901
|-
|{{Flag|China}}
|24,353
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|22,283
|-
|{{Flag|Liberia}}
|20,168
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|20,126
|-
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|19,235
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|18,804
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|16,823
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}
|15,679
|-
|{{Flag|Philippines}}
|13,544
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|12,787
|-
|{{Flag|El Salvador}}
|12,137
|}
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Minnesota}}
[[File:St Paul Cathedral 2012.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[French Renaissance architecture|French Renaissance]] style [[Cathedral of Saint Paul, National Shrine of the Apostle Paul|Cathedral of St. Paul]] in the city of St. Paul]]
Minnesota's religious landscape is also diverse, having evolved significantly over its history. The area's first Christian influence came from Catholic missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. 19th-century European settlers, especially Scandinavians, established Protestant denominations, particularly [[Lutheranism]]. [[Catholicism]] also continued to be significant due to Irish immigrants, and the [[Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis]] serves a substantial Catholic community. The 20th and 21st centuries witnessed growth in other Christian denominations and non-Christian religions due to further immigration, leading to the establishment of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], Hmong, and [[Islam|Muslim]] communities, as well as a sizable [[Judaism|Jewish]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salatomatic.com/c/Minneapolis-St-Paul+42|title=Mosques and Islamic schools in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota – salatomatic.com: your guide to mosques & Islamic schools|access-date=October 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005623/http://www.salatomatic.com/c/Minneapolis-St-Paul+42|archive-date=May 28, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book| last =Gilman| first =Rhonda R.| title =The Story of Minnesota's Past| publisher =Minnesota Historical Society Press| year =1989| location =Saint Paul, Minnesota| page =99| isbn =978-0-87351-267-1}}</ref> A growing number of people identify as [[Irreligion|non-religious]], in line with national trends. As of 2014, 74% of Minnesotans identified as Christian, 5% belonged to non-Christian faiths, and 20% identified as religiously unaffiliated, according to the Pew Research Center.<ref>{{cite web | title = Religious Composition of Minnesota | website = Maps, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | year = 2010 | url = http://religions.pewforum.org/maps | access-date = March 19, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150506033840/http://religions.pewforum.org/maps | archive-date = May 6, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of Minnesota locations by per capita income}}
Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information |date=May 30, 2003 |place=[[United States of America|US]], MN |url=http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |access-date=November 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205204209/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 }}</ref> Minnesota's economy had a [[gross domestic product]] of $383{{spaces}}billion in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |date=October 2, 2020 |url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1 |place=US |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080037/https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> with 33 of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/MN.html | website = Fortune 500 | year = 2006 | title = States | publisher = CNN Money | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HZRTW3wV?url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/MN.html | archive-date = June 22, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> including [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[UnitedHealth Group]], [[3M]], [[General Mills]], [[U.S. Bancorp]], [[Ameriprise]], [[Hormel]], [[Land O' Lakes]], [[SuperValu (United States)|SuperValu]], [[Best Buy]], and [[Valspar]]. Private companies based in Minnesota include [[Cargill]], the largest privately owned company in the United States,<ref>{{cite web | author= Forbes | title= Largest US Private Cos | website= [[Forbes]] | url= https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Cargill_5ZUZ.html | year= 2008 | access-date= January 25, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122061017/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Cargill_5ZUZ.html | archive-date= January 22, 2009 | url-status= live }}</ref> and [[Carlson Companies]], the parent company of [[Radisson Hotels]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Brands |publisher=Carlson Companies |url=http://www.carlson.com/brands/index.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024112507/http://carlson.com/brands/index.cfm |archive-date=October 24, 2007 |access-date=January 5, 2010 }}</ref>
Minnesota's [[List of U.S. states by income|per capita personal income]] in 2019 was $58,834, the thirteenth-highest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | title = State Personal Income 2019 | place = US | publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis | url = https://apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm | access-date = November 10, 2020 | df = mdy-all | archive-date = October 22, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232802/https://apps.bea.gov/regional/bearfacts/action.cfm | url-status = live }}</ref> Its 2019 [[median household income]] was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2019-median-household-income.html | title= United States and States – R2001. Median Household Income | publisher= Census Bureau | access-date= November 10, 2020 | place= US | archive-date= November 16, 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201116233552/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2019-median-household-income.html | url-status= live }}</ref>
=== Industry and commerce ===
[[File:IDS reflecting Wells Fargo.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[IDS Tower]], designed by [[Philip Johnson]], is the state's tallest building,<ref>{{Cite news| last = Coleman| first = Nick| title = Capella Tower sports a cap, but it can't topple the IDS| work = Star Tribune| date = March 24, 2008| url = http://www.startribune.com/featuredColumns/16942626.html| access-date = November 19, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121126040508/http://www.startribune.com/featuredColumns/16942626.html| archive-date = November 26, 2012| url-status = live}}</ref> reflecting [[César Pelli]]'s [[Art Deco]]-style [[Wells Fargo Center (Minneapolis)|Wells Fargo Center]].]]
Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by [[St. Anthony Falls]]. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US27&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |title=Minnesota – DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000 |place=US |publisher=Census Bureau |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212041913/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US27&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |archive-date=February 12, 2020 }}</ref> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF | title=Census of Agriculture, Minnesota State Profile | place = US | publisher = Department of Agriculture | access-date = December 3, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001103025/http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/mn/cp99027.PDF |archive-date = October 1, 2006}}</ref> The state is the nation's largest producer of [[sugar beet]]s, [[sweet corn]], and [[pea]]s for processing, and farm-raised [[Turkey (bird)|turkeys]]. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans,<ref name="resources">{{cite web | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/whymn/resources.htm | title = Wealth of Resources | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | access-date = November 26, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061212194851/http://www.deed.state.mn.us/whymn/resources.htm | archive-date = December 12, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref> and has the most food [[List of food cooperatives#United States|cooperatives]] per capita in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title= The Co-Op Advantage|url= http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/August-2008/Twin-Cities-Fresh-Taste-Festival/The-Co-Op-Advantage/|date= August 2008|publisher= Greenspring|work= Minnesota Monthly|access-date= February 10, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115143853/http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/August-2008/Twin-Cities-Fresh-Taste-Festival/The-Co-Op-Advantage/|archive-date= January 15, 2013|df= mdy-all}}</ref> [[Forestry]] remains strong, including [[logging]], [[pulpwood]] processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's [[iron ore]] for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, [[taconite]] mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country's usable iron ore.<ref name="resources" /> The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and [[biomedical]] firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor [[shopping mall]] was [[Edina, Minnesota|Edina's]] [[Southdale Center]], and its largest is Bloomington's [[Mall of America]].
Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its [[Minnesota State Lottery|own lottery]]; its games include [[Multi-State Lottery Association|multi-jurisdiction draws]], in-house draws, and other games.
=== Energy use and production ===
{{Further|List of power stations in Minnesota}}
Minnesota produces [[ethanol fuel]] and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix ([[E10 fuel|E10]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=1905 |publisher= Ethanol Producer Magazine |title= Hawaii to meet E10 mandate with imported ethanol |access-date= December 3, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130612002534/http://www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/1905/hawaii-to-meet-e10-mandate-with-imported-ethanol/ |archive-date= June 12, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying [[E85]] fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/states |title= Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State| publisher = US Department of Energy| access-date=February 24, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190211145220/https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/states |archive-date = February 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2% [[biodiesel]] blend has been required in [[diesel fuel]] since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. The state gets nearly one-fifth of all its electrical energy from wind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=MN|title=Minnesota: Profile Analysis|date=March 15, 2018|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=September 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000256/https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=MN|archive-date=September 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Xcel Energy]] is the state's largest utility and is headquartered in the state;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xcel quarterly profits up 35%, buoyed by rate increases|url=https://www.startribune.com/xcel-quarterly-profits-up-35-buoyed-by-rate-increases/567423812/|website=Star Tribune|access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=February 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209113328/http://www.startribune.com/xcel-quarterly-profits-up-35-buoyed-by-rate-increases/567423812/|url-status=live}}</ref> it is one of five investor-owned utilities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About MN's Municipal Utilities :: Minnesota Municipal Utilities Association|url=https://www.mmua.org/about/about-mns-municipal-utilities|website=www.mmua.org|access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303105555/https://www.mmua.org/about/about-mns-municipal-utilities|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also a number of municipal utilities.<ref name=":0" />
=== State taxes ===
Minnesota has a [[progressive income tax]] structure; the four brackets of state [[income tax]] rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Income Tax Rates and Brackets: Income Tax Rates for 2013 | place = MN | publisher = Department of Revenue | url = http://www.revenue.state.mn.us/individuals/individ_income/Pages/Minnesota_Income_Tax_Rates_and_Brackets.aspx | access-date = August 28, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921165202/http://www.revenue.state.mn.us/individuals/individ_income/Pages/Minnesota_Income_Tax_Rates_and_Brackets.aspx | archive-date = September 21, 2017 }}</ref> As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.<ref name="TF" /> In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10.2% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7%.<ref name=TF>{{cite web|title=Minnesota's State and Local Tax Burden 1977–2008 |publisher=The Tax Foundation |access-date=June 6, 2010 |url=http://www.taxfoundation.org/taxdata/show/462.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070951/http://www.taxfoundation.org/taxdata/show/462.html |archive-date=April 1, 2010 }}</ref> The state [[sales tax]] in Minnesota is 6.875%, but clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.<ref name="salestax">{{cite web|title=Sales and Use Tax Instruction Book |publisher=Department of Revenue |date=July 2009 |url=http://taxes.state.mn.us/sales/Documents/sales_tax_booklet.pdf |place=MN |access-date=June 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027093524/http://taxes.state.mn.us/sales/Documents/sales_tax_booklet.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Legislature|state legislature]] may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/content/BAT_1100111.pdf |publisher = Department of Revenue | title= Local Sales Tax and Use |access-date=November 26, 2006 | place = MN | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061009052806/http://www.taxes.state.mn.us/taxes/sales/publications/fact_sheets_by_name/content/BAT_1100111.pdf |archive-date = October 9, 2006}}</ref> [[Excise]] taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a [[use tax]] on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.<ref name="salestax" /> Owners of [[real property]] in Minnesota pay [[property tax]] to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.{{clear left}}
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Minnesota|Minnesotan Cuisine}}
=== Fine and performing arts ===
[[File:Mpls arts.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]'s [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] north facade, designed by [[McKim, Mead, and White]]]]
[[File:Menagha St. Urho.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Sculpture of [[St. Urho]] in [[Menahga, Minnesota]], in 2020]]
Minnesota's leading [[fine art]] museums include the [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], the [[Walker Art Center]], the [[Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum]], and [[The Museum of Russian Art]] (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The [[Minnesota Orchestra]] and the [[Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra]] are prominent full-time professional [[musical ensemble]]s who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities' community. The world-renowned [[Guthrie Theater]] moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at [[theatre|theatrical]], [[music]]al, and [[comedy]] events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis's number of theater companies ranks behind only [[New York City]]'s,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tormoen |first1=Erik |title=Fake News: The Twin Cities Theater Scene's Claim to Fame |url=https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/featured/fake-news-the-twin-cities-theater-scenes-claim-to-fame/ |access-date=October 12, 2020 |work=[[Minnesota Monthly]] |date=November 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118171053/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/featured/fake-news-the-twin-cities-theater-scenes-claim-to-fame/ |archive-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref> and about 2.3{{spaces}}million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.<ref name="Royce">{{cite news | last = Royce | first = Graydon Royce | title = New Guthrie casts a huge shadow over theater scene | publisher = Minneapolis Star-Tribune via SavetheGuthrie.org | date = April 1, 2006 | url = http://www.savetheguthrie.org/news/royce040106.htm | access-date = May 6, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060518153633/http://www.savetheguthrie.org/news/royce040106.htm |archive-date = May 18, 2006}}</ref> The [[Minnesota Fringe Festival]] in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of [[theatre]], [[dance]], [[improvisation]], [[puppetry]], kids' shows, [[visual art]], and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country's largest non-juried performing arts festival.<ref>{{cite web| title = How to fringe| website = Fresh Art Delivered Daily| publisher = Minnesota Fringe Festival| year = 2006 | url = http://www.fringefestival.org/new.cfm| access-date = November 22, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114023612/http://www.fringefestival.org/new.cfm| archive-date = November 14, 2006}}</ref>
=== Literature ===
The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the [[prairie]] are the subject of [[Giants in the Earth (novel)|''Giants in the Earth'']] by [[Ole Rolvaag]] and the [[Little House on the Prairie|''Little House'']] series of children's books by [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by [[Sinclair Lewis]] in the novel [[Main Street (novel)|''Main Street'']], and more gently and affectionately by [[Garrison Keillor]] in his tales of [[Lake Wobegon]]. St. Paul native [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as ''[[Winter Dreams]]'' and ''The Ice Palace'' (published in ''[[Flappers and Philosophers]]''). [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s epic poem ''[[The Song of Hiawatha]]'' was inspired by Minnesota and names of many of the state's places and bodies of water. Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman ([[Bob Dylan]]) won the 2016 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. Science fiction writer [[Marissa Lingen]] lives here.
=== Entertainment ===
{{Main|Music of Minnesota}}
[[File:First Avenue nightclub.jpg|thumb|left|[[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] nightclub, the heart of Minnesota's music community<ref name="Compass" />]]
Minnesota musicians include [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Eddie Cochran]], [[The Andrews Sisters]], [[The Castaways]], [[The Trashmen]], [[Soul Asylum]], [[David Ellefson]], [[Chad Smith]], [[John Wozniak]], [[Hüsker Dü]], [[Semisonic]], [[The Replacements (band)|The Replacements]], [[Owl City]], [[Holly Henry]], [[Motion City Soundtrack]], [[Atmosphere (music group)|Atmosphere]], and [[Dessa]]. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen's "[[Surfin' Bird]]" and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[The Original 7ven]], [[Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis]], [[The Jets (Minnesota band)|The Jets]], [[Lipps Inc.]], and [[Information Society (band)|Information Society]].
Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip ''[[Peanuts]]'' was created by St. Paul native [[Charles M. Schulz]]. [[A Prairie Home Companion]] which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on [[National Public Radio]]. A cult [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] cable TV show, ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', was created by [[Joel Hodgson]] in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, ''[[The Daily Show]]'', was originated through [[Lizz Winstead]] and [[Madeleine Smithberg]].
[[Joel and Ethan Coen]], [[Terry Gilliam]], [[Bill Pohlad]], and [[Mike Todd]] contributed to the art of [[filmmaking]] as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include [[Loni Anderson]], [[Richard Dean Anderson]], [[James Arness]], [[Jessica Biel]], [[Rachael Leigh Cook]], [[Julia Duffy]], [[Mike Farrell]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Peter Graves]], [[Josh Hartnett]], [[Garrett Hedlund]], [[Tippi Hedren]], [[Jessica Lange]], [[Kelly Lynch]], [[E.G. Marshall]], [[Laura Osnes]], [[Melissa Peterman]], [[Chris Pratt]], [[Marion Ross]], [[Jane Russell]], [[Winona Ryder]], [[Seann William Scott]], [[Kevin Sorbo]], [[Lea Thompson]], [[Vince Vaughn]], [[Jesse Ventura]], [[James Hong]], and [[Steve Zahn]].
=== Popular culture ===
{{See also|List of television shows and movies in Minnesota}}
[[File:MNfiddles.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.7|A youth [[fiddle]] performance at the [[Minnesota State Fair]]]]
[[Stereotype|Stereotypical]] traits of Minnesotans include "[[Minnesota nice]]", [[Lutheranism]], a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of [[North Central American English]] sprinkled with [[Scandinavia]]n expressions.<!--[[wp:nor]] Rose on Golden Girls?--> [[Potluck]]s, usually with a variety of [[hotdish]]es, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional [[lutefisk]] dinner to celebrate Christmas. Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as ''[[Fargo (1996 film)|Fargo]]'', ''[[Grumpy Old Men (film)|Grumpy Old Men]]'', ''[[Grumpier Old Men]]'', ''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]'', ''[[Drop Dead Gorgeous (film)|Drop Dead Gorgeous]]'', ''[[Young Adult (film)|Young Adult]]'', ''[[A Serious Man]]'', ''[[New in Town]]'', ''[[Rio (2011 film)|Rio]]'', ''[[The Mighty Ducks (film series)|The Mighty Ducks films]],'' and in famous television series like ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]'', ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', ''[[Coach (TV series)|Coach]]'', ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'', ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' and ''[[Fargo (TV series)|Fargo]]''. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include ''[[That Was Then... This Is Now]]'', ''[[Purple Rain (film)|Purple Rain]]'', ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'', ''[[Beautiful Girls (film)|Beautiful Girls]]'', ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]'', ''[[Untamed Heart]]'', ''[[Feeling Minnesota]]'', ''[[Jingle All The Way]]'', ''[[A Simple Plan (film)|A Simple Plan]]'', and ''[[The Mighty Ducks (film series)|The Mighty Ducks films]]''.
The [[Minnesota State Fair]], advertised as ''The Great Minnesota Get-Together'', is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5{{spaces}}million people, there were more than 1.8{{spaces}}million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.<ref>{{cite web| title = General Information: Attendance| publisher = Minnesota State Fair| url = http://www.mnstatefair.org/general_info/attendance.html| access-date = December 9, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141209164621/http://www.mnstatefair.org/general_info/attendance.html| archive-date = December 9, 2014| url-status = live}}</ref> The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including [[fine art]], [[science]], [[agriculture]], food preparation, [[4-H]] displays, music, [[midway (fair)|the midway]], and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of [[seed art]], [[butter]] sculptures of [[Princess Kay of the Milky Way|dairy princesses]], the birthing barn, and the "fattest pig" competition. In September 1927, [[John Philip Sousa]] and his band gave the premiere performance of "[[The Minnesota March]]" at the fair before a grandstand crowd of 12,000.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Minnesota March |url=https://cla.umn.edu/music/ensembles/marching-band/history-traditions/school-songs/minnesota-march |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522203941/https://cla.umn.edu/music/ensembles/marching-band/history-traditions/school-songs/minnesota-march |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=[[University of Minnesota]]: College of Liberal Arts |publisher= |language=en |quote=Adapted from the U of M Marching Band Centennial Book, Minnesota Hats Off to Thee, ©1992}}</ref> One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as [[Pronto Pup]]s, [[Cheese curds#Fried cheese curds|cheese curds]], and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.
Other large annual festivals include the [[Saint Paul Winter Carnival]], the [[Minnesota Renaissance Festival]], Minneapolis' [[Minneapolis Aquatennial|Aquatennial]] and Mill City Music Festival, [[Moondance Jam]] in [[Walker, Minnesota|Walker]], the [[Judy Garland]] Festival in [[Grand Rapids, Minnesota|Grand Rapids]], the [[Eelpout Festival]] on Leech Lake, and the [[WE Fest]] in [[Detroit Lakes, Minnesota|Detroit Lakes]].
== Health ==
[[File:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]]]]
Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.<ref name = UHC>{{cite web | title = America's Health Rankings 2009 | publisher = United Health Foundation | year = 2009 | url = http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009 | access-date = December 3, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115143839/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009 | archive-date = January 15, 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Statemaster Health Statistics – Death Rate per 100,000| publisher = Statemaster| url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000| access-date = August 16, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130415130000/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000| archive-date = April 15, 2013}}</ref> They have long life expectancies,<ref>{{cite web | title = Explore Minnesota Living | publisher = Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development | url = http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060822084115/http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf | archive-date = August 22, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref> and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.<ref name = UHC /><ref>{{cite web| title = The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2- and 3-year Averages: 2003 to 2005| website = Health Insurance Coverage: 2005| publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division| date = August 29, 2006 | url = https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061006081530/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf| archive-date = October 6, 2006| access-date = November 24, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State | publisher = Statemaster | year = 2002 | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | archive-date = May 13, 2013 }}</ref> These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of [[binge drinking]].<ref name = UHC /><ref>{{cite web | title = Health Statistics Health Index by state | publisher = Statemaster | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index | access-date = August 16, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074940/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index | archive-date = May 25, 2013 }}</ref> While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/ |title=Despite progress, ethnic health disparities persist in Minnesota |author=Olsen, Jeremy|date=January 11, 2018|work=Star Tribune |access-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003646/http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/ |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On October 1, 2007, the [[Freedom to Breathe Act]] took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web | title = Put 'Em Out: Minnesota Smoking Ban Kicks In Monday | publisher = WCCO | url = http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html | date = September 30, 2007 | access-date = December 3, 2012 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20071227004710/http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html |archive-date = December 27, 2007}}</ref>
The [[Minnesota Department of Health]] is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including [[Allina]] Hospitals & Clinics, [[CentraCare Health System]], [[Essentia Health]], [[HealthPartners]], [[M Health Fairview]] and the [[Mayo Clinic Health System]]. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The [[University of Minnesota Medical School]] is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing [[biotechnology]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Minnesota Medical Milestones |publisher=University of Minnesota Medical School |year=2002 |url=http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html |access-date=August 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830085610/http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html |archive-date=August 30, 2006 }}</ref> The [[Mayo Clinic]], a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by [[William Worrall Mayo]], an immigrant from England.<ref name="Welbourn1990">{{cite book|author=Richard Burkewood Welbourn|title=The History of Endocrine Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353|year=1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-92586-4|pages=353–|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906081012/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Haddy2011">{{cite book|author1=Francis J. Haddy |author2=Theresa B. Haddy|title=Minnesota Physicians in the 1862 Sioux Uprising|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C|date=July 12, 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-0264-8|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C|archive-date=August 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
''U.S. News & World Report''{{'s}} 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|date=2021|title=Best Hospitals by Specialty|access-date=June 7, 2021|archive-date=August 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802174741/http://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into [[cancer]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Coronary heart disease|heart health]], [[obesity]], and other areas.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics | publisher = University of Minnesota Medical School | year = 2002 | url = http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ | access-date = August 14, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060816052039/http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/ | archive-date = August 16, 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref>
== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Minnesota|List of high schools in Minnesota|List of school districts in Minnesota}}
[[File:Pillsbury Hall.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] Pillsbury Hall (1889) is one of the oldest buildings on the [[University of Minnesota]] Minneapolis campus.]]
One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a [[normal school]] in Winona. Minnesota's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a [[high school diploma]], and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor's degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/tables/12s0233.pdf |title=Table 233. Educational Attainment by State: 1990 to 2009 |publisher=Census.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017150539/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0233.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2011}}</ref> In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation's "Most Literate City", while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/|title=Minneapolis ranked most literate city|website=[[USA Today]]|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104620/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/|archive-date=October 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/report-american-education-isnt-mediocre-its-deeply-unequal/280827/|title=Report: American Education Isn't Mediocre – It's Deeply Unequal|first=Julia|last=Ryan|website=[[The Atlantic]]|date=October 24, 2013|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165530/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/report-american-education-isnt-mediocre-its-deeply-unequal/280827/|archive-date=March 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the [[ACT (examination)|ACT exam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/states.html|title=Newsroom – Press Kit, Digital Media Library, and Press Releases|website=ACT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415061951/http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/states.html|archive-date=April 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2013, nationwide in per-student public education spending, Minnesota ranked 21st.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/06/02/the-states-that-spend-the-most-and-the-least-on-education-in-one-map/|title=The states that spend the most (and the least) on education, in one map|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603031405/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/06/02/the-states-that-spend-the-most-and-the-least-on-education-in-one-map/|archive-date=June 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> While Minnesota has chosen not to implement [[school voucher]]s,<ref name="vouchers">{{Cite news|last=Hallman |first=Charles |title=School vouchers: Who stands to gain at what cost? |work=Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder |date=March 14, 2007 |url=http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/node/3985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723221706/http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/node/3985 |archive-date=July 23, 2014 }}</ref> it is home to the first [[charter school]].<ref name="Charter">{{cite web|title=Charter Schools |publisher=Minnesota Department of Education |year=2007 |url=http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html |access-date=May 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222235406/http://education.state.mn.us/MDE/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Charter_Schools/index.html |archive-date=February 22, 2007 }}</ref>
The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the [[Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System]], and five major campuses of the [[University of Minnesota system]]. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation's top 100 [[liberal arts]] colleges, according to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Colleges 2009: Liberal Arts Rankings |publisher=USNews.com |year=2009 |url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/liberal-arts-search/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314061238/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/liberal-arts-search/ |archive-date=March 14, 2009 }}</ref>
== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in Minnesota}}
[[File:Duluth canal.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Aerial Lift Bridge]] at [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]]]
Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the [[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the [[Twin Cities]] metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]] are [[Interstate 35 in Minnesota|Interstate{{spaces}}35]] (I-35), [[Interstate 90 in Minnesota|I-90]], and [[Interstate 94 in Minnesota|I-94]], with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the southern edge of the state.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |title=2007–2008 Official Highway Map |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/pdf/MNmap.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408220510/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/pdf/MNmap.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2008 }}</ref> In 2006, a [[constitutional amendment]] was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to [[public transit]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Transportation amendment update| publisher = Minnesota Department of Transportation| year = 2006| url = http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080626041042/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/information/mvst/index.html |archive-date = June 26, 2008}}</ref> There are nearly two dozen [[rail transport|rail]] corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |title=Minnesota Rail System |year=2007 |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/maps/RailLines20070806_1.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=April 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408220542/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/maps/RailLines20070806_1.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2008 }}</ref> There is water transportation along the [[Mississippi River]] system and from the ports of [[Lake Superior]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Ports and Waterways |publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Transportation]] |url=http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/waterways.html |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317123114/http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ofrw/waterways.html |archive-date=March 17, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Green Line trains on both tracks.jpg|thumb|right|Two [[Metro Green Line (Minnesota)|Metro Green Line]] trains on the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities campus]]
Minnesota's principal airport is [[Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport]] (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for [[Delta Air Lines]] and [[Sun Country Airlines]]. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via [[Delta Connection]] carriers [[SkyWest Airlines]], [[Compass Airlines (North America)|Compass Airlines]], and [[Endeavor Air]].<ref name="DeltaRoutes">{{cite web | title = Delta Air Lines Map | publisher = Delta Air Lines | year = 2015 | url = http://dl.fltmaps.com/en | access-date = October 24, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025072507/http://dl.fltmaps.com/en | archive-date = October 25, 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref>
Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators [[Minnesota Valley Transit Authority]], [[SouthWest Transit]], Plymouth Metrolink, Maple Grove Transit and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as [[Duluth Transit Authority]], [[Mankato Transit System]], [[MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead)]], [[Rochester, Minnesota#Transportation|Rochester Public Transit]], [[St. Cloud, Minnesota#Transportation|Saint Cloud Metro Bus]], Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota counties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minnesota Public Transit Association |url=https://www.mpta-transit.org/transit-in-minnesota |website=Transit in Minnesota |publisher=Minnesota Public Transit Authority |access-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210922/https://www.mpta-transit.org/transit-in-minnesota |archive-date=November 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In addition to bus services, [[Amtrak]]'s daily ''[[Empire Builder]]'' (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the [[Saint Paul Union Depot]] and five other stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/midwest-train-bus-stations|title=Amtrak Train and Bus Stations in the Midwest|publisher=Amtrak|access-date=January 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119204439/http://www.amtrak.com/midwest-train-bus-stations|archive-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> Intercity bus providers include [[Jefferson Lines]], [[Greyhound Bus Lines|Greyhound]], and [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]]. Local public transit is provided by [[bus]] networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The [[Northstar Line]] [[commuter rail]] service runs from [[Big Lake, Minnesota|Big Lake]] to the [[Target Field (Metro Transit station)|Target Field station]] in downtown Minneapolis. From there, [[light rail]] runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the [[Green Line (Minnesota)|Green Line]], and to the MSP airport and the [[Mall of America]] via the [[Blue Line (Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro)|Blue Line]].
== Law and government ==
{{See also|Law of Minnesota}}
[[File:Minnesota state coat of arms (illustrated, 1876).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Historical coats of arms of the U.S. states|historical coat of arms]] of Minnesota in 1876]]
Minnesota is governed pursuant to the [[Minnesota Constitution]], which was adopted on October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Constitution of the State of Minnesota|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/|url-status=live|website=Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502203236/https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/constitution/}}</ref> Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a [[Republicanism in the United States|republican system]] of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Government |url=http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar |publisher=State of Minnesota |access-date=October 20, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018193346/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8494&agency=NorthStar |archive-date=October 18, 2006 }}</ref> The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its [[United States Bill of Rights|federal counterpart]], with some protected more strongly and explicitly.<ref name=":1" />
=== Executive ===
{{Main|Governor of Minnesota}}
[[File:Tim Walz official photo (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Governor [[Tim Walz]]]]
The executive branch is led by Minnesota's [[Governor (United States)|governor]], currently [[Tim Walz]], a [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFLer]] who took office on January 7, 2019. As chief executive, the [[Governor of Minnesota|governor]] appoints the heads of state agencies and is responsible for faithful execution of the law. As commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces, the governor also has command and control over the [[Minnesota National Guard]].<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution">{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/#article_5|title=Article V, Minnesota Constitution|publisher=Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502203236/https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/constitution/#article_5|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Governor of Minnesota#Cabinet|cabinet]] consisting of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota|lieutenant governor]] and the heads of Minnesota's 22 state agencies consults and assists the governor in the business of state government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mn.gov/governor/about-gov/governors-cabinet/|title=Governor's Cabinet|publisher=Office of Governor Tim Walz & Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190246/https://mn.gov/governor/about-gov/governors-cabinet/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Aside from the governor and lieutenant governor, who are elected on a [[joint ticket]], Minnesotans separately elect three other constitutional officers: a [[Secretary of State of Minnesota|secretary of state]], an [[Minnesota Attorney General|attorney general]], and a [[Minnesota State Auditor|state auditor]].<ref name="Article V, Minnesota Constitution"/>{{Efn|The secretary of state is custodian of state records and the [[Great Seal of the State of Minnesota|state seal]], registers businesses, and administers elections. The secretary of state also processes notary public applications and administers Minnesota's [[address confidentiality program]] for victims of crime, among other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/SECRETARY%20OF%20STATE?year=2022|title=What does the Secretary of State's Office do?|publisher=Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190246/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/SECRETARY%20OF%20STATE?year=2022|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Efn|The attorney general is the chief law officer for the state of Minnesota, representing state agencies in legal proceedings and issuing written opinions on questions of law. As chief law officer, the attorney general also enforces state consumer protection and antitrust laws, regulates charities, and advocates for people and small businesses in utilities matters, among other responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/|title=About Our Office|publisher=Office of the Minnesota Attorney General|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.ag.state.mn.us/Office/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Efn|The state auditor supervises and audits the finances of Minnesota's 3,600 local governments, which altogether spend over $40 billion annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osa.state.mn.us/about/about-us/what-we-do/|title=What We Do|publisher=Office of the Minnesota State Auditor|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015073657/https://www.osa.state.mn.us/about/about-us/what-we-do/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state auditor also performs under contract the annual [[single audit]] of [[Administration of federal assistance in the United States|federal programs]] administered by state agencies and their subrecipients. Public expenditures overseen by the state auditor thus exceed standalone state spending by 15.3 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osa.state.mn.us/media/zubfptyn/2022-state-of-mn-single-audit.pdf|title=State of Minnesota Financial and Compliance Report on Federally Assisted Programs for the Year ended June 30, 2022|publisher=Minnesota Department of Management and Budget|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.osa.state.mn.us/media/zubfptyn/2022-state-of-mn-single-audit.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2023/11/why-minnesotas-local-audit-function-is-in-trouble/|title=Why Minnesota's local audit function is in trouble|author=Noah McVay|publisher=MinnPost|publication-date=November 6, 2023|access-date=December 6, 2023}}</ref>}} These five "executive officers" together constitute the [[Minnesota Executive Council|Executive Council]], which has certain statutory responsibilities in matters of state finance, emergency management, and public lands administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/EXECUTIVE%20COUNCIL?year=2022|title=2022 Minnesota Statutes Index: Executive Council|publisher=Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010190247/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/index/statute/topic/EXECUTIVE%20COUNCIL?year=2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
Constitutional officeholders:
* Governor [[Tim Walz]] (DFL)
* Lt. Governor [[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)
* Secretary of State [[Steve Simon]] (DFL)
* Attorney General [[Keith Ellison]] (DFL)
* State Auditor [[Julie Blaha]] (DFL)
=== Legislature ===
{{Main|Minnesota Legislature}}
[[File:Minnesota State Capitol.jpg|thumb|The [[Minnesota State Capitol]] in Saint Paul, designed by [[Cass Gilbert]]]]
The [[Minnesota Legislature]] is a [[bicameral]] body consisting of the [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]] and the [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The state has 67 districts, each with about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, each senatorial district being divided into ''A'' and ''B'' sections for members of the House. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.
Since 2023, both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority.<ref name="Faircloth 2022">{{cite web | last=Faircloth | first=Ryan | title=Democrats take control of the Minnesota Legislature | website=Star Tribune | date=November 7, 2022 | url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-control-republicans-senate-democrats-house-election-results-2022/600222707/ | access-date=January 26, 2023 | archive-date=January 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126222201/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-control-republicans-senate-democrats-house-election-results-2022/600222707/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Judiciary ===
Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the [[Minnesota District Courts|district courts]], which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the [[Minnesota Court of Appeals]], consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] hears all appeals from the tax court, the [[Minnesota Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals|workers' compensation court of appeals]], first-degree murder convictions, and [[Certiorari#State courts|discretionary appeals]] from the court of appeals; it also has [[original jurisdiction]] over election disputes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Supreme Court |publisher=Court Information Office, State of Minnesota |url=http://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc |format=doc |access-date=October 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101095530/https://www.courts.state.mn.us/documents/CIO/otherResources/SupremeCourt.doc |archive-date=November 1, 2006 }}</ref>
Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers' compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.
Supreme Court Justices<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mncourts.gov/SupremeCourt.aspx |title=Minnesota Supreme Court |access-date=December 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093406/http://www.mncourts.gov/SupremeCourt.aspx |archive-date=December 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Chief Justice [[Natalie Hudson]]
Associate Justices
* [[Barry Anderson]]
* [[David Lillehaug]]
* [[Natalie Hudson]]
* [[Margaret Chutich]]
* [[Anne McKeig]]
* [[Paul Thissen]]
=== Regional ===
In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. [[Regional Development Commissions|Regional development commissions]] (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this [[Metropolitan Planning Organizations]] (MPOs), such as the [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]], provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by [[Watershed district (Minnesota)|watershed districts]] and [[soil and water conservation district]]s.
=== Federal ===
Minnesota's [[United States senator]]s are Democrats [[Amy Klobuchar]] and [[Tina Smith]]. The state has eight [[Minnesota Congressional Districts|congressional districts]]; they are represented by [[Brad Finstad]] ([[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|1st district]]; R), [[Angie Craig]] ([[Minnesota's 2nd congressional district|2nd]]; DFL), [[Dean Phillips]] ([[Minnesota's 3rd congressional district|3rd]]; DFL), [[Betty McCollum]] ([[Minnesota's 4th congressional district|4th]]; DFL), [[Ilhan Omar]] ([[Minnesota's 5th congressional district|5th]]; DFL), [[Tom Emmer]] ([[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|6th]]; R), [[Michelle Fischbach]] ([[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|7th]]; R), and [[Pete Stauber]] ([[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|8th]]; R).
Federal court cases are heard in the [[United States District Court for the District of Minnesota]], in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and [[Fergus Falls]]. Appeals are heard by the [[Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] and St. Paul.
=== Tribal ===
The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the [[Dakota people|Dakota]] and [[Anishinaabe]] peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous [[Indian reservation|reservations]] that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:
Four Dakota [[Mdewakanton]] communities:
* [[Prairie Island Indian Community]]
* [[Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]]
* [[Lower Sioux Indian Reservation]]
* [[Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota|Upper Sioux Community{{snd}}Pejuhutazizi Oyate]]
Seven Anishinaabe reservations:
* [[Bois Forte Band of Chippewa]]
* [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]]
* [[Grand Portage Band of Chippewa]]
* [[Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[White Earth Band of Ojibwe]]
* [[Red Lake Band of Chippewa]]
The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the [[Minnesota Chippewa Tribe]], the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Minnesota}}
{{See also|List of political parties in Minnesota|United States congressional delegations from Minnesota|Minnesota's congressional districts|Political party strength in Minnesota}}
{{PresHead|place=Minnesota|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=27&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Minnesota|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=October 27, 2022|author=Leip, David}}</ref>}}
{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|1,484,065|1,717,077|76,029|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|1,323,232|1,367,825|254,176|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|1,320,225|1,546,167|70,169|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|1,275,409|1,573,354|61,606|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|1,346,695|1,445,014|36,678|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|1,109,659|1,168,266|160,760|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|766,476|1,120,438|305,726|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|747,841|1,020,997|579,110|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|962,337|1,109,471|24,982|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1984|Democratic|1,032,603|1,036,364|15,482|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|873,241|954,174|224,538|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|819,395|1,070,440|60,096|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|898,269|802,346|41,037|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|658,643|857,738|72,129|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|559,624|991,117|3,721|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|757,915|779,933|4,039|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|719,302|617,525|3,178|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|763,211|608,458|7,814|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|483,617|692,966|35,643|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|527,416|589,864|8,249|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|596,274|644,196|10,718|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|350,461|698,811|80,703|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|363,959|600,806|38,078|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|560,977|396,451|13,548|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|420,759|55,913|345,474|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|519,421|142,994|73,423|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|179,544|179,152|28,668|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1912|Progressive|64,334|106,426|163,459|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|195,843|109,401|26,060|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|216,651|55,187|21,022|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1900|Republican|190,461|112,901|12,949|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1896|Republican|193,503|139,735|8,524|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1892|Republican|122,823|100,920|43,495|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1888|Republican|142,492|104,385|16,408|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1884|Republican|111,685|70,065|8,267|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1880|Republican|93,902|53,315|3,553|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1876|Republican|72,955|48,587|2,533|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1872|Republican|55,708|35,211|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1868|Republican|43,722|28,096|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1864|Republican|25,055|17,367|0|Minnesota}}
{{PresFoot|1860|Republican|22,069|11,920|748|Minnesota}}
Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and [[populism]] has been a long-standing force among the state's [[political party|political parties]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Leigh|last=Pomeroy|title=Populism Is Alive and Well in Southern Minnesota|year=2007|publisher=Minnesota Monitor|access-date=August 4, 2008|url=http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1728|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071008194926/http://www.minnesotamonitor.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1728 |archive-date = October 8, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Grayson| first = Katharine| title = Study: Minnesota tops nation in voter turnout| publisher = Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal| date = September 18, 2006| url = http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2006/09/18/daily3.html?surround=lfn| access-date = August 4, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629190509/http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2006/09/18/daily3.html?surround=lfn| archive-date = June 29, 2015| url-status = live}}</ref> Minnesota has a consistently high [[voter turnout]]. In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 U.S. presidential election]], 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted{{snd}}the highest percentage of any U.S. state{{snd}}versus the national average of 61.2%.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael P. McDonald |title=2008 Unofficial Voter Turnout |publisher=United States Elections Project, [[George Mason University]] |url=http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html |access-date=November 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113104435/http://elections.gmu.edu/preliminary_vote_2008.html |archive-date=November 13, 2008 }}</ref> That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Voter Turnout Statistics |url=https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/data-maps/historical-voter-turnout-statistics/ |website=Minnesota Secretary of State |publisher=State of Minnesota |access-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518175300/https://www.sos.state.mn.us/election-administration-campaigns/data-maps/historical-voter-turnout-statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Voters can register on [[Election Day (United States)|election day]] at their [[polling places]] with evidence of residency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=201.061&year=2011|title=201.061 – 2011 Minnesota Statutes|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=February 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202220242/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=201.061&year=2011|archive-date=February 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Hubert Humphrey]] brought national attention to the state with his address at the [[1948 Democratic National Convention]]. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for [[Ronald Reagan]] in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when the state was won by Republican [[Richard Nixon]].
Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party]] (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and [[Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party|Farmer-Labor]] parties.
The state has had active third-party movements. The [[Reform Party of the United States|Reform Party]], now the [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]], was able to elect former mayor of [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]] and [[professional wrestler]] [[Jesse Ventura]] to the [[Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1998|governorship in 1998]]. The [[Independence Party of Minnesota|Independence Party]] has received enough support to keep major-party status. The [[Green Party of Minnesota|Green Party]], while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,<ref name="GrnOffHldrs">{{cite web | title = Office Holders | publisher = Green Party of Minnesota | url = http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php | access-date = April 18, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070107163820/http://www.mngreens.org/officeholders.php |archive-date = January 7, 2007}}</ref> notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved for parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).
The state's [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] seats have generally been split since the early 1990s and in the [[108th United States Congress|108th]] and [[109th United States Congress|109th]] Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans [[Tim Pawlenty]] and [[Carol Molnau]] narrowly won reelection. The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first [[African American]] U.S. Representative from Minnesota, as well as the first [[Muslim]] elected to Congress nationwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minnesota Democrat becomes first Muslim to win seat in Congress |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press |date=November 7, 2006 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php |access-date=December 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128232133/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php |archive-date=November 28, 2006 }}</ref> In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host [[Al Franken]] defeated incumbent Republican [[Norm Coleman]] in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.
In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton's election, the DFL party took the governor's office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,<ref>Pugmire, Tim, [http://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election ''Minn. House: Republicans take control''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119134322/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election |date=November 19, 2017 }}, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref> and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.<ref>MPR News Staff, [http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated ''Republicans take full control of Minnesota Legislature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217230327/http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated |date=February 17, 2017 }}, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</ref>
In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer [[Tim Walz]] as Governor.
In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Media ==
{{Main|List of media in Minnesota}}{{See also|List of newspapers in Minnesota}}
[[File:KSTP Studio.jpg|thumb|right|[[KSTP-TV|KSTP studios]]]]
The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest [[media market]] in the United States, as ranked by [[Nielsen Media Research]]. The state's other top markets are [[Fargo–Moorhead]] (118th nationally), [[Twin Ports|Duluth–Superior]] (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html |archive-date= May 17, 2006 |title= 210 Designated Market Areas – 03–04| publisher = Nielsen Media | access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref>
[[Terrestrial television|Broadcast television]] in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when [[KSTP-TV]] began broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14 |title= 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS History |publisher= kstp.com |access-date= March 28, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011120258/http://kstp.com/article/stories/S278.shtml?cat=14 |archive-date= October 11, 2007 }}</ref> [[Hubbard Broadcasting]], which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities [[CBS]] station [[WCCO-TV]] and [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] station [[KMSP-TV]] are [[owned-and-operated]] by their respective networks. There are [[List of television stations in Minnesota (by channel number)|39 analog]] broadcast stations and 23 [[digital television|digital]] channels broadcast over Minnesota.
The four largest daily newspapers are the ''[[Star Tribune]]'' in Minneapolis, the ''[[St. Paul Pioneer Press|Pioneer Press]]'' in Saint Paul, the ''[[Duluth News Tribune]]'' in Duluth, and the ''[[Post-Bulletin]]'' in Rochester. ''[[Minnesota Daily|The Minnesota Daily]]'' is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Board of Directors|url=http://www.mndaily.com/board.php|publisher=The Minnesota Daily|access-date=April 28, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408053528/http://www.mndaily.com/board.php |archive-date = April 8, 2008}}</ref> Sites offering daily news on the Web include ''[[The UpTake]]'', ''[[MinnPost.com|MinnPost]]'', the Twin Cities ''Daily Planet'', business news site ''[[Finance & Commerce|Finance and Commerce]]'' and Washington D.C.-based ''[[Minnesota Independent]]''. Weeklies including ''[[City Pages]]'' and monthly publications such as ''Minnesota Monthly'' are available.
Two of the largest [[public radio]] networks, [[Minnesota Public Radio]] (MPR) and [[Public Radio International]] (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web | title = About MPR | publisher = Minnesota Public Radio | url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/ | access-date = August 17, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080918172247/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/ | archive-date = September 18, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations|title=MPR Stations|website=Minnesota Public Radio |access-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003073337/https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations/|archive-date=October 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.<ref>{{cite web | title = PRI factsheet | url = http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html | publisher = Public Radio International | access-date = May 7, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218205641/http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html | archive-date = December 18, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> The state's oldest radio station, [[KUOM]]-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-[[List of oldest radio stations|oldest radio stations]] in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a [[campus radio|college rock]] format.
== Sports, recreation and tourism ==
Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and [[environmentalism]], added to traditional interests in [[hunting]] and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.<ref>Aaron Shapiro, ''The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest'' (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).</ref>
=== Organized sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Minnesota}}
[[File:2006 WCHA Final Five.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of North Dakota]] and [[St. Cloud State University]] during the [[Western Collegiate Hockey Association|WCHA]] Final Five at the [[Xcel Energy Center]]]]
Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports.
The [[Minnesota Vikings]] have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in [[Metropolitan Stadium]] from 1961 through 1981 and in the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team's new home, [[U.S. Bank Stadium]]. The Vikings' current stadium hosted [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018. [[Super Bowl XXVI]] was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl [[Super Bowl IV]], [[Super Bowl VIII]], [[Super Bowl IX]], and [[Super Bowl XI]], losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent.
The [[Minnesota Twins]] have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original [[Minnesota Twins|Washington Senators]], a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and [[1991 World Series]] in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the [[1965 World Series]], where they lost to the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] in seven games. The team has played at [[Target Field]] since 2010.
The [[Minneapolis Lakers]] of the National Basketball Association played in the [[Minneapolis Auditorium]] from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in [[Target Center]] since 1990.
The National Hockey League's [[Minnesota Wild]] play in St. Paul's [[Xcel Energy Center]], and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recap, Flames 3, Wild 2, SO |publisher=Minnesota Wild |date=January 17, 2008 |url=http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118091528/http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2 |archive-date=January 18, 2008 |access-date=April 7, 2008 }}</ref> Previously, the [[Minnesota North Stars]] competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 [[Stanley Cup Finals]].
[[Minnesota United FC]] joined [[Major League Soccer]] as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division [[North American Soccer League (2010)|North American Soccer League]] from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at [[Allianz Field]] in St. Paul.<ref>{{cite news |last=Van Berkel |first=Jessie |date=December 12, 2016 |title=Minnesota United officials say 'big dig' at stadium site will begin in spring |url=http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-united-to-hold-ceremonial-groundbreaking-for-st-paul-stadium/406049026/ |work=Star-Tribune |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213212815/http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-united-to-hold-ceremonial-groundbreaking-for-st-paul-stadium/406049026/ |archive-date=December 13, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Previous professional soccer teams have included the [[Minnesota Kicks]], which played at [[Metropolitan Stadium]] from 1976 to 1981, and the [[Minnesota Strikers]] from 1984 to 1988.
Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The [[Minnesota Swarm]] of the [[National Lacrosse League]] played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The [[St. Paul Saints]], who play at [[CHS Field]] in St. Paul, are the [[Triple-A (baseball)|Triple-A]] minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.
Professional women's sports include the [[Minnesota Lynx]] of the Women's National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, [[Minnesota Aurora FC]] of the [[United Soccer League]] [[USL W-League (1995–2015)|W-League]], the [[Minnesota Vixen]] of the [[Independent Women's Football League]], the [[Minnesota Valkyrie]] of the Legends Football League, and the [[Minnesota Whitecaps]] of the National Women's Hockey League.
The Twin Cities campus of the [[University of Minnesota]] is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the [[Big Ten Conference]]. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]]; [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]; [[St. Cloud State University]] and [[Bemidji State University]]. There are nine [[NCAA Division II]] colleges in the [[Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference]], and twenty [[NCAA Division III]] colleges in the [[Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference]] and [[Upper Midwest Athletic Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | title = NCAA Directory: Minnesota | publisher = NCAA | url = https://web3.ncaa.org/directory/memberList?type=12&state=MN | access-date = September 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180920164302/https://web3.ncaa.org/directory/memberList?type=12&state=MN | archive-date = September 20, 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Upper Midwest Athletic Conference – History| publisher = Upper Midwest Athletic Conference| url = http://www.umacathletics.com/Sports/gen/2008/History.asp?nl=25&tab=abouttheumac| access-date = April 13, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503044213/http://www.umacathletics.com/Sports/gen/2008/History.asp?nl=25&tab=abouttheumac| archive-date = May 3, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref>
Minneapolis has hosted the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship]] in [[1951 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1951]], [[1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|1992]], [[2001 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2001]], and [[2019 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2019]].
The [[Hazeltine National Golf Club]] has hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]], [[U.S. Women's Open]], [[U.S. Senior Open]] and [[PGA Championship]]. The course also hosted the [[Ryder Cup]] in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hazeltinenational.com/|title=Hazeltine National Golf Club – Premier Golf Destination|first=Hazeltine National Golf|last=Club|website=hazeltinenational.com|access-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816063422/http://www.hazeltinenational.com/|archive-date=August 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Interlachen Country Club]] has hosted the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]], [[U.S. Women's Open]], and Solheim Cup.
[[Winter Olympic Games]] medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the [[gold medal]] [[Miracle on Ice|1980 ice hockey team]] (coached by Minnesota native [[Herb Brooks]]) and the bronze medalist [[Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics#Men's|U.S. men's]] [[curling]] team in the [[2006 Winter Olympics]], as well as the gold medal-winning team from [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] at the [[Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics#Men's|2018 Winter Olympics]]. Swimmer [[Tom Malchow]] won an Olympic gold medal in the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Summer games]] and a silver medal in [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]].
[[Grandma's Marathon]] is run every summer along the scenic [[North Shore (Lake Superior)|North Shore of Lake Superior]], and the [[Twin Cities Marathon]] winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the [[color change in leaves|fall color season]]. Farther north, [[Eveleth, Minnesota|Eveleth]] is the location of the [[United States Hockey Hall of Fame]].
=== Outdoor recreation ===
[[File:Lake Calhoun MN.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing on [[Bde Maka Ska]] in Minneapolis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/minnesota/supreme-court/2020/a18-1007.html|title=Save Lake Calhoun v. Strommen|publisher=Minnesota Supreme Court|date=May 13, 2020|access-date=June 14, 2023|archive-date=July 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709190207/https://law.justia.com/cases/minnesota/supreme-court/2020/a18-1007.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,<ref>{{cite web | title = Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State | publisher = Statemaster | year = 2002 | url = http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | access-date = April 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise | archive-date = May 13, 2013 }}</ref> and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.<ref>{{cite web | title = Green Hunters: Minnesota DNR | publisher = Fish & Wildlife Today | url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september97/message.html | access-date = April 7, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080201043003/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september97/message.html| archive-date = February 1, 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Listening Point sauna.jpg|thumb|An old [[sauna]] cabin of [[Listening Point]] on the shores of [[Burntside Lake]] in [[Morse Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota|Morse Township]], Minnesota]]
In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family [[cottage|cabins]] on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include [[water sports]] such as [[water skiing]], which originated in the state,<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Skiing History |website=ABC of Skiing |publisher=MaxLifestyle.net "Go Skiing like Max!" |year=2006 |url=http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp |access-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421022737/http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/water-skiing/history.asp |archive-date=April 21, 2008 }}</ref> [[boating]], [[canoeing]], and [[fishing]]. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.<ref>{{cite web | title = Managing for Results | publisher = Minnesota DNR | url = http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf | access-date = April 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf | archive-date = April 6, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref>
Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; [[ice fishing]] has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Benjamin
| first = Robert W.
| title = Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience
| publisher = Buzzle.com
| date = July 15, 2006
| url = http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120730165044/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp
| archive-date = July 30, 2012
| access-date = April 7, 2008}}</ref> Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as [[ice skating|skating]], [[Ice hockey|hockey]], curling, and [[broomball]], and snow sports such as [[cross-country skiing]], [[alpine skiing]], [[luge]], [[snowshoeing]], and [[snowmobile|snowmobiling]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Turning Snow into Sport
| website = Explore Minnesota Experiences
| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism
| url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx
| access-date = April 7, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080401034153/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx| archive-date = April 1, 2008}}</ref> Minnesota is the only U.S. state where [[bandy]] is played.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usabandy.com/|title=Home|website=USA Bandy|access-date=January 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211044326/http://www.usabandy.com/|archive-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, [[camping]], and [[hiking]]. There are almost {{convert|20000|mi|km}} of snowmobile trails statewide.<ref>{{cite web| title = Snowmobiling Minnesota| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080604210514/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499 |archive-date = June 4, 2008}}</ref> Minnesota has more miles of [[bike trail]]s than any other state,<ref>{{cite web| title = Take to the Trails! Explore Minnesota Biking| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism | url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx| access-date = April 7, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080127122558/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx |archive-date = January 27, 2008}}</ref> and a growing network of [[trail|hiking trails]], including the {{convert|235|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Superior Hiking Trail]] in the northeast.<ref>{{cite web| title = Superior Hiking Trail| publisher = Minnesota Department of Tourism| url = http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx| access-date = December 2, 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231234219/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx| archive-date = December 31, 2010}}</ref> Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.
== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Minnesota}}
* [[Index of Minnesota-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Minnesota]]
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{sister project links|Minnesota|voy=Minnesota}}
=== Culture and history ===
* [http://www.mnhs.org/ Minnesota Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070814134732/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/ Minnesota Place Names]
* [http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/ Minnesota Reflections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200643/http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/ |date=May 25, 2017 }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/minnesota/index.html Minnesota State Guide] from the Library of Congress
=== General ===
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Minnesota}}
=== Government ===
* {{official website|http://www.state.mn.us/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022132614/http://mn.gov/indianaffairs/tribes.html Indian Affairs Council, State of Minnesota]
* [http://www.prairieisland.org/ Prairie Island Indian Community]
* [http://www.shakopeedakota.org/ Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]
* [http://www.lowersioux.com/ Lower Sioux Indian Community]
* [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate]
* [http://www.mnchippewatribe.org/ Minnesota Chippewa Tribe]
* [http://www.boisforte.com/ Bois Forte Band of Chippewa]
* [http://www.fdlrez.com/ Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]
* [http://www.grandportage.com/ Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]
* [http://www.llojibwe.org/ Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe]
* [http://www.millelacsojibwe.org/ Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe]
* [http://www.whiteearth.com/ White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council]
* [http://www.redlakenation.org/ Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians]
=== Maps and demographics ===
* [https://mn.gov/admin/demography/ Minnesota State Demographic Center]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=27&StateName=Minnesota#.U85vdPldVu0 State Facts from USDA]
* [http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/ Minnesota State Highway Map]
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/165471 Minnesota at OpenStreetMap]
=== Tourism and recreation ===
* [http://www.exploreminnesota.com/ Explore Minnesota]
* [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/index.html Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{clear}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before = [[California]]}}
{{S-ttl|title = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]|years = Admitted on May 11, 1858 (32nd)}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Oregon]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Navboxes
|title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Minnesota</span><br />''Land of 10,000 Lakes''
|list =
{{Minnesota|expanded}}
{{Protected areas of Minnesota}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{New France}}
{{New Spain}}
{{United States political divisions}}
|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|46|-94|dim:300000_region:US-MN_type:adm1st|name=State of Minnesota|display=title}}
[[Category:Minnesota| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1858]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Dakota toponyms]]
[[Category:Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Contiguous United States]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minnesota (disambiguation)">Minnesota (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Minnesota</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style>
<div class="ib-settlement-cols">
<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Minnesota.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Minnesota"><img alt="Flag of Minnesota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/125px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/188px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/250px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="318" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Minnesota" title="Flag of Minnesota">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Seal_of_Minnesota.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Minnesota"><img alt="Official seal of Minnesota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/State_Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/100px-State_Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/State_Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/150px-State_Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/State_Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/200px-State_Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="732" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Minnesota" title="Seal of Minnesota">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nicknames</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Land of 10,000 Lakes;<br />North Star State; Gopher State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89toile_du_Nord" title="L'Étoile du Nord">L'Étoile du Nord</a></i></span> (French: The Star of the North)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Hail!_Minnesota" title="Hail! Minnesota">Hail! Minnesota</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnesota_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Minnesota_in_United_States.svg/300px-Minnesota_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Minnesota_in_United_States.svg/450px-Minnesota_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Minnesota_in_United_States.svg/600px-Minnesota_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">May 11, 1858 (32nd State in the Union)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Hennepin County">Hennepin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party">DFL</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota">Lieutenant Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Flanagan" title="Peggy Flanagan">Peggy Flanagan</a> (DFL)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Minnesota Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Senate" title="Minnesota Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives" title="Minnesota House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> (DFL)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Tina Smith</a> (DFL)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States representatives from Minnesota">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a><br />4 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">86,935.83 sq mi (225,163 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">79,626.74 sq mi (206,232 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">7,309.09 sq mi (18,930 km<sup>2</sup>)  8.40%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">12th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">about 400 mi (640 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">200–350 mi (320–560 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200 ft (370 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mountain_(Minnesota)" title="Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)">Eagle Mountain</a><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAVD88_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-2">[a]</a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,301 ft (701 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAVD88_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-2">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">602 ft (183 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">5,737,915<sup id="cite_ref-2023_Estimate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_Estimate-4">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">22nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">68.9/sq mi (26.6/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">36th (2020 census)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$74,593<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">13th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Minnesotan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">none</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> 88.9%</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a><sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_Language_MN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Language_MN-6">[5]</a></sup></li></ul>
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_06:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 06:00">UTC– 06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 05:00">UTC– 05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">MN</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-MN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Minn.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://MN.gov">mn<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Minnesota</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_symbols" title="List of Minnesota state symbols">List of state symbols</a></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">Common loon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Butterfly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_reginae" title="Cypripedium reginae">Pink-and-white lady's slipper</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mushrooms" title="List of U.S. state mushrooms">Mushroom</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Common morel">Common morel</a> (<i>Morchella esculenta</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norway_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway pine">Norway pine</a><sup id="cite_ref-StateSymbolsUSA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateSymbolsUSA-7">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">Beverage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Fruit:</b> <a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a> apple</li><li><b>Muffin:</b> <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li><li><b>Mushroom:</b> <a href="/wiki/Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Morel">Morel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_agate" title="Lake Superior agate">Lake Superior agate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Photograph:</b> <a href="/wiki/Grace_(photograph)" title="Grace (photograph)">Grace</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_MN_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Minnesota quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Minnesota quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2005_MN_Proof.png/85px-2005_MN_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2005_MN_Proof.png/128px-2005_MN_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2005_MN_Proof.png/169px-2005_MN_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span><div>Released in 2005</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Minnesota</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos skin-invert"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/42\/Native_Minnesotan_Pronunciation.ogg\/Native_Minnesotan_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Native Minnesotan Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Native_Minnesotan_Pronunciation.ogg/Native_Minnesotan_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_Minnesotan_Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Native Minnesotan Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MIN</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">SOH</span>-tə</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper midwest">Upper Midwestern</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">12th largest U.S. state in area</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._state_that_has_Craig%27s_gorgeous_George_in_it_n_he_loves_her_sexy_ass_and_territories_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of U.S. state that has Craig's gorgeous George in it n he loves her sexy ass and territories by population (page does not exist)">22nd most populous</a>, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes" for having more than 14,000 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres each;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> roughly a third of the state is <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States" title="Forest cover by state and territory in the United States">forested</a>; much of the remainder is <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> and farmland. More than 60% of Minnesotans (about 3.7 million) live in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", the state's main <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota" title="Politics of Minnesota">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Minnesota" title="Economy of Minnesota">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Minnesota" title="Culture of Minnesota">cultural</a> hub<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S.</a> Other minor <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area" title="Micropolitan statistical area">micropolitan</a> statistical areas include <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorhead,_Minnesota" title="Moorhead, Minnesota">Moorhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Minnesota, which gets its name from the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota language</a>, has been inhabited by various <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indigenous peoples</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a> emerged: the <a href="/wiki/Laurel_complex" title="Laurel complex">Laurel complex</a> in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Valley">Mississippi River Valley</a> in the south. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Mississippian">Upper Mississippian culture</a>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a> people and other <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a> speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">vast French holding of Louisiana</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">the United States purchased</a> in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a> was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted to the Union</a> as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota's official motto, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Étoile du Nord</i></span> ("The Star of the North") is the only <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">state motto</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>; this phrase was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state's early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.
</p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, Minnesota attracted settlers and <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">homesteaders</a> from across the country. Its growth was initially based on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>; many were linked to the failed <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>, which partly influenced the state's development as a center of <a href="/wiki/American_labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American labor movement">labor and social activism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_transition_of_a_new_world_Bohemia._11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_transition_of_a_new_world_Bohemia.-11">[10]</a></sup> Minnesota's rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">major social, economic, and political changes</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor rights in the United States">labor rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a>, and political reform.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> Consequently, Minnesota is unique among Midwestern states in being a relative stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the late 20th century, Minnesota's economy has diversified away from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care; it is consequently one of the richest states in terms of GDP and per capita income. Minnesota is home to 11 federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Native American reservations</a> (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and its culture, demographics, and religious landscape reflect <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian American">Scandinavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> influence. In more recent decades, the state has become more multicultural, driven by both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, and the Middle East; the state has the nation's largest population of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalis_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Somali Americans</a> and second-largest <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hmong_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Hmong community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNHmong_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNHmong-14">[13]</a></sup> Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a> and level of education are among the highest in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> and it is ranked among the best states in metrics such as employment, median income, safety, and governance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Geology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Geology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Protected_lands"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Protected lands</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Cities_and_towns"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cities and towns</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Race_and_ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Race and ethnicity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Immigration"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Immigration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Industry_and_commerce"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Industry and commerce</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Energy_use_and_production"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Energy use and production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#State_taxes"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">State taxes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Fine_and_performing_arts"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fine and performing arts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Popular culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Law_and_government"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Law and government</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Executive"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Executive</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Legislature"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Legislature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Judiciary"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Judiciary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Regional"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Regional</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Federal"><span class="tocnumber">11.5</span> <span class="toctext">Federal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Tribal"><span class="tocnumber">11.6</span> <span class="toctext">Tribal</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Sports,_recreation_and_tourism"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Sports, recreation and tourism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Organized_sports"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Organized sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Outdoor_recreation"><span class="tocnumber">14.2</span> <span class="toctext">Outdoor recreation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Culture_and_history"><span class="tocnumber">18.1</span> <span class="toctext">Culture and history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#General"><span class="tocnumber">18.2</span> <span class="toctext">General</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">18.3</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Maps_and_demographics"><span class="tocnumber">18.4</span> <span class="toctext">Maps and demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Tourism_and_recreation"><span class="tocnumber">18.5</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism and recreation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The word <i>Minnesota</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> name for the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a>, which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: "<span title="Dakota-language text"><i lang="dak">mní sóta</i></span>", which means "clear blue water",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> or "<span title="Dakota-language text"><i lang="dak">Mníssota</i></span>", which means "cloudy water".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mnhs-name_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnhs-name-21">[20]</a></sup> Early explorers interpreted the Dakota name for the Minnesota River in different ways, and four spellings of the state's name were considered before settling on "Minnesota" in 1849, when the Territory of Minnesota was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a> demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it <i><span title="Dakota-language text"><i lang="dak">mní sóta</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mnhs-name_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnhs-name-21">[20]</a></sup> Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as <a href="/wiki/Minnehaha_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnehaha Falls">Minnehaha Falls</a> ("curling water" or waterfall), <a href="/wiki/Minneiska,_Minnesota" title="Minneiska, Minnesota">Minneiska</a> ("white water"), <a href="/wiki/Minneota,_Minnesota" title="Minneota, Minnesota">Minneota</a> ("much water"), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Minnetonka" title="Lake Minnetonka">Minnetonka</a> ("big water"), <a href="/wiki/Minnetrista,_Minnesota" title="Minnetrista, Minnesota">Minnetrista</a> ("crooked water"), and Minneapolis, a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_word" title="Hybrid word">hybrid word</a> combining Dakota <i><span title="Dakota-language text"><i lang="dak">mní</i></span></i> ("water") and <i>-<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">polis</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for "city").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">History of Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnesota_Territory_1849.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Minnesota_Territory_1849.svg/220px-Minnesota_Territory_1849.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Minnesota_Territory_1849.svg/330px-Minnesota_Territory_1849.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Minnesota_Territory_1849.svg/440px-Minnesota_Territory_1849.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a> 1849–1858</figcaption></figure>
<p>When Europeans arrived in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a> lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a> who arrived in the 17th century. They used the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_National_Monument" title="Grand Portage National Monument">Grand Portage</a> to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,<sup id="cite_ref-timepieces_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timepieces-24">[23]</a></sup> and dislocated the <a href="/wiki/Mdewakanton" title="Mdewakanton">Mdewakanton</a> from their homelands along <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Lake" title="Mille Lacs Lake">Mille Lacs Lake</a>. Explorers such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Greysolon,_Sieur_du_Lhut" title="Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut">Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut</a>, Father <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Louis Hennepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Carver" title="Jonathan Carver">Jonathan Carver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schoolcraft" title="Henry Schoolcraft">Henry Schoolcraft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nicollet" title="Joseph Nicollet">Joseph Nicollet</a> mapped the state.
</p><p>The region was part of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a> from 1762 to 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Second Treaty of Paris</a> was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> disputed the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, when the border on the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a> was agreed upon.<sup id="cite_ref-Lass_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lass-27">[26]</a></sup> In 1805 <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-28">[27]</a></sup> Its soldiers built a <a href="/wiki/Grist_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grist mill">grist mill</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls" title="Saint Anthony Falls">Saint Anthony Falls</a>, which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-hfs_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hfs-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Missouri">Territory of Missouri</a> that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory (<a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Formerly_unorganized_territories" title="Territories of the United States">1821–1834</a>) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Michigan">Territory of Michigan</a> (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848, Minnesota and Iowa were part of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Wisconsin">Territory of Wisconsin</a>. From 1838 to 1846, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Iowa">Territory of Iowa</a>. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848. When Iowa gained statehood western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota Territory</a> was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> was dominated by men of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">32nd U.S. state</a> on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed "the New England of the West".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg/170px-Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg/255px-Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg/340px-Dakota_War_of_1862-stereo-right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mixed Dakota-Europeans who were rescued by "non-hostile" Dakota. The girl in the foreground wrapped in the striped blanket is Elise Robertson, the sister of Thomas Robertson, a mixed blood who acted as an intermediary between the Dakota and the European-Americans during the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Treaties between the U.S. government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of <a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a>'s eastern Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson2019_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson2019-37">[36]</a></sup> The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Creek Reservation">Crow Creek Reservation</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lass_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lass-27">[26]</a></sup> As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Minnesota Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> subsequently declared that "the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup> and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-aftermath_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aftermath-40">[39]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Crooks_(colonel)" title="William Crooks (colonel)">William Crooks</a>, commander of <a href="/wiki/6th_Minnesota_Infantry_Regiment" title="6th Minnesota Infantry Regiment">6th Minnesota</a>, had a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup> Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bounty_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bounty-43">[42]</a></sup> Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Lass_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lass-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal <a href="/wiki/Indian_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Commissioner">Indian Commissioner</a>. His successor, Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adoniram_Swift" title="Henry Adoniram Swift">Henry Swift</a>, raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-Bounty_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bounty-43">[42]</a></sup> Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Old_Crossing" title="Treaty of Old Crossing">Treaty of Old Crossing</a>, whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.
</p><p>Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of <a href="/wiki/Pine_City,_Minnesota" title="Pine City, Minnesota">Pine City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_on_St._Croix,_Minnesota" title="Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota">Marine on St. Croix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillwater,_Minnesota" title="Stillwater, Minnesota">Stillwater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona</a> processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lass_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lass-27">[26]</a></sup> St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers'" or "clear" flour which it replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> By 1900 Minnesota mills, led by <a href="/wiki/Pillsbury_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillsbury Company">Pillsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Consolidated_Milling_Company" title="Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company">Northwestern</a>, and the Washburn-Crosby Company (an ancestor of <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>), were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phelpsmill_ottertailcounty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phelpsmill_ottertailcounty.jpg/170px-Phelpsmill_ottertailcounty.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phelpsmill_ottertailcounty.jpg/255px-Phelpsmill_ottertailcounty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phelpsmill_ottertailcounty.jpg/340px-Phelpsmill_ottertailcounty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phelps_Mill" title="Phelps Mill">Phelps Mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Otter_Tail_County,_Minnesota" title="Otter Tail County, Minnesota">Otter Tail County</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The state's iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Range_(Minnesota)" title="Vermilion Range (Minnesota)">Vermilion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesabi_Range" title="Mesabi Range">Mesabi</a> ranges in the 1880s, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Cuyuna_Range" title="Cuyuna Range">Cuyuna Range</a> in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota" title="Two Harbors, Minnesota">Two Harbors</a> for ship transport east via the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lass_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lass-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hit hard by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs provided some economic turnaround. The <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native languages</a> were no longer suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-28">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a> for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combines</a> became the norm. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> contributed to these developments as part of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-28">[27]</a></sup> Increased mobility in turn enabled more specialized jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-28">[27]</a></sup> Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Research_Associates" title="Engineering Research Associates">Engineering Research Associates</a> was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. It later merged with <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a>, and then became <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a> left Sperry in 1957 to form <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Research was formed when <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a> left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker <a href="/wiki/Medtronic" title="Medtronic">Medtronic</a> also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949. The nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, which was founded in 1864 in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a>, grew to become one of the country's leading medical systems, and, by the 21st century, Minnesota's largest private employer.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1957, the legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area, which became the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_(Minnesota)" title="Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)">Metropolitan Council</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[48]</a></sup> In 1971, under Governor <a href="/wiki/Wendell_R._Anderson" title="Wendell R. Anderson">Wendell Anderson</a>, a series of legislation called the "Minnesota Miracle" led to a broad reform in financing of Minnesota public schools and local governments that created a fairer distribution in taxation and education.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> Two postwar Minnesota governors, former dentist <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Perpich" title="Rudy Perpich">Rudy Perpich</a> and former professional wrestler <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a>, attracted national attention for their unconventional manner, but both enjoyed some popularity within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[49]</a></sup> After a period of mostly divided government during the 21st century, the DFL (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a>) gained control of all three branches of Minnesota's government and passed significant reforms in the <a href="/wiki/93rd_Minnesota_Legislature" title="93rd Minnesota Legislature">2023 legislative session</a>, moving the state in a progressive direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-52">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota" title="Geography of Minnesota">Geography of Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National-atlas-minnesota.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/National-atlas-minnesota.svg/220px-National-atlas-minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/National-atlas-minnesota.svg/330px-National-atlas-minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/National-atlas-minnesota.svg/440px-National-atlas-minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Scalable map of Minnesota, showing roads and major bodies of water</figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle" title="Northwest Angle">Northwest Angle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of the Woods County">Lake of the Woods County</a> is the only part of the 48 <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous states</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a>. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a> and part of North America's <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes region (North America)">Great Lakes region</a>. It shares a <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> water border with <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and a land and water border with <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> to the east. <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> is to the south, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> are to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> are to the north. With 86,943 square miles (225,180 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup> or approximately 2.25% of the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Geology">Geology</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Minnesota" title="Geology of Minnesota">Geology of Minnesota</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Minnesota">List of lakes in Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Minnesota rivers">List of Minnesota rivers</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StLouisRiver_JayCooke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/StLouisRiver_JayCooke.JPG/220px-StLouisRiver_JayCooke.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/StLouisRiver_JayCooke.JPG/330px-StLouisRiver_JayCooke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/StLouisRiver_JayCooke.JPG/440px-StLouisRiver_JayCooke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Tilted beds of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> Thomson Formation in <a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke_State_Park" title="Jay Cooke State Park">Jay Cooke State Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota has some of the earth's oldest rocks, <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneisses</a> that are about 3.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion years old (80% as old as the planet).<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-58">[57]</a></sup> About 2.7<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion years ago <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>; the remains of this <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> rock formed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a> in northeast Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Compass_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compass-59">[58]</a></sup> The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> seas formed the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Range" title="Iron Range">Iron Range</a> of northern Minnesota. Since a period of <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> 1.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title="Glacial history of Minnesota">more recent times</a>, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state's landscape and sculpted its terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a> left 12,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup> These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>. This area is known as the <a href="/wiki/Coulee_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulee Region">Driftless Zone</a> for its absence of <a href="/wiki/Drift_(geology)" title="Drift (geology)">glacial drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> Much of the remainder of the state has 50 feet (15<span class="nowrap"> </span>m) or more of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_till" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial till">glacial till</a> left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River</a> valley, and its outflow, <a href="/wiki/Glacial_River_Warren" title="Glacial River Warren">glacial River Warren</a>, carved the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> and the Upper Mississippi downstream from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup> Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> infrequently, most of them minor.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palisade,_Shovel_Point_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palisade_Head" title="Palisade Head">Palisade Head</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> was formed from a <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhyolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyolitic">rhyolitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flow.<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The state's high point is <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mountain_(Minnesota)" title="Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)">Eagle Mountain</a> at 2,301 feet (701<span class="nowrap"> </span>m), which is only 13 miles (21 km) away from the low point of 601 feet (183<span class="nowrap"> </span>m) at the shore of Lake Superior.<sup id="cite_ref-Compass_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compass-59">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling <a href="/wiki/Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNGeog_57-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNGeog-57">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>Two major <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divides</a> meet in Minnesota's northeast in rural <a href="/wiki/Hibbing,_Minnesota" title="Hibbing, Minnesota">Hibbing</a>, forming a triple <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> can follow the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Hudson_Bay_drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Hudson Bay drainage">Hudson Bay watershed</a> to the Arctic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>The state's nickname "Land of 10,000 Lakes" is apt, as there are 11,842 <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota lakes">Minnesota lakes</a> over 10 acres (4 ha) in size.<sup id="cite_ref-dnr_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnr-64">[63]</a></sup> Minnesota has the most named lakes of any U.S. states, but not the most lakes overall.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[b]</a></sup> Minnesota's portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962,700 acres (389,600 ha; 3,896 km<sup>2</sup>) and deepest (at 1,290 ft (390 m)) body of water in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-dnr_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnr-64">[63]</a></sup> Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km).<sup id="cite_ref-dnr_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnr-64">[63]</a></sup> The Mississippi River begins its journey from its <a href="/wiki/Headwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwaters">headwaters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">Lake Itasca</a> and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles (1,090 km) downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-dnr_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnr-64">[63]</a></sup> It is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> at Fort Snelling, by the <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin-Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)">St. Croix River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Minnesota" title="Hastings, Minnesota">Hastings</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_River_(Wisconsin)" title="Chippewa River (Wisconsin)">Chippewa River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wabasha,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabasha, MN">Wabasha</a>, and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately 10.6 million acres (4,300,000 ha; 43,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of wetlands are within Minnesota's borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-weatheralmanac_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatheralmanac-67">[65]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Minnesota" title="Natural history of Minnesota">Natural history of Minnesota</a></div>
<p>Minnesota has four ecological provinces: <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">eastern broadleaf forest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Big_Woods" title="Big Woods">Big Woods</a>) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state's northwestern part, where it transitions into <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Aspen_Parkland" title="Tallgrass Aspen Parkland">tallgrass aspen parkland</a>; and the northern <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province" title="Laurentian Mixed Forest Province">Laurentian mixed forest</a>, a transitional forest between the northern <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forest</a> and the broadleaf forests to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></sup> These northern forests are a vast wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> trees mixed with patchy stands of <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>.
</p><p>Much of Minnesota's northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old growth forest</a> today in areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_National_Forest" title="Chippewa National Forest">Chippewa National Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Superior_National_Forest" title="Superior National Forest">Superior National Forest</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness" title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness">Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness</a> has some 400,000 acres (162,000 ha) of unlogged land.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinselman_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinselman-69">[67]</a></sup> Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States" title="Forest cover by state and territory in the United States">a third of the state forested</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup> Nearly all Minnesota's prairies and <a href="/wiki/Oak_savanna" title="Oak savanna">oak savannas</a> have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the <a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">pine marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Woodland_Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory Woodland Caribou">woodland caribou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></sup> others like <a href="/wiki/Whitetail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitetail deer">whitetail deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a> thrive. Minnesota has the nation's largest <a href="/wiki/Repopulation_of_wolves_in_Midwestern_United_States" title="Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States">population of timber wolves</a> outside Alaska,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup> and supports healthy populations of <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">gophers</a>. Located on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway" title="Mississippi Flyway">Mississippi Flyway</a>, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, and game birds such as <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a>. It is home to <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a>, including the largest number of breeding pairs of <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a> in the lower 48 states as of 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-tailed Hawk">red-tailed hawks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawk_Ridge,_Duluth" title="Hawk Ridge, Duluth">Hawk Ridge</a> is one of the premier birdwatching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskellunge" title="Muskellunge">muskellunge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> populate streams in the southeast and northeast.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Minnesota" title="Climate of Minnesota">Climate of Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnesota_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Minnesota_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Minnesota_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Minnesota_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Minnesota_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Minnesota_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Minnesota_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Minnesota</figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota experiences <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_weather_records" title="List of Minnesota weather records">temperature extremes</a> characteristic of its <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>, with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was −60 °F (−51 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Tower,_Minnesota" title="Tower, Minnesota">Tower</a> on February 2, 1996, and the highest was 114 °F (46 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Moorhead,_Minnesota" title="Moorhead, Minnesota">Moorhead</a> on July 6, 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-extremes_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extremes-75">[73]</a></sup> Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, <a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">derechos</a>, tornadoes, and high-velocity <a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">straight-line winds</a>. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and average temperatures range from 37 to 49 °F (3 to 9 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-noaa_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-76">[74]</a></sup> Average summer <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dewpoints</a> range from about 58 °F (14 °C) in the south to about 48 °F (9 °C) in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-noaa_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-76">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></sup> Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches (48 to 89 cm), and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-noaa_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-76">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>Minnesota has warmed over the past few years. Rising temperatures have affected natural habitats and many species that live in them. For example, the lakes' water is warming, which affects cold-water fish. Trout, for example, is a cold-water fish that is losing its habitat, while the habitat of bass, a warm-water fish, is growing.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;">
<caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota<sup id="cite_ref-Minnesota_climate_averages_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_climate_averages-79">[77]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Location
</th>
<th>July (°F)
</th>
<th>July (°C)
</th>
<th>January (°F)
</th>
<th>January (°C)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis</a></td>
<td>83/64</td>
<td>28/18</td>
<td>23/7</td>
<td>−4/−13
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></td>
<td>83/63</td>
<td>28/17</td>
<td>23/6</td>
<td>−5/−14
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></td>
<td>82/63</td>
<td>28/17</td>
<td>23/3</td>
<td>−5/−16
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></td>
<td>76/55</td>
<td>24/13</td>
<td>19/1</td>
<td>−7/−17
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud</a></td>
<td>81/58</td>
<td>27/14</td>
<td>18/−1</td>
<td>−7/−18
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato</a></td>
<td>86/62</td>
<td>30/16</td>
<td>23/3</td>
<td>−5/−16
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/International_Falls,_Minnesota" title="International Falls, Minnesota">International Falls</a></td>
<td>77/52</td>
<td>25/11</td>
<td>15/−6</td>
<td>−9/−21
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Protected_lands">Protected lands</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg/220px-Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg/330px-Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg/440px-Pose_lake_Minnesota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pose Lake in the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness" title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness">Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota's first state park, <a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca State Park</a>, was established in 1891, and is the <a href="/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source (river or stream)">source</a> of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup> Today Minnesota has <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_parks" title="List of Minnesota state parks">72 state parks</a> and recreation areas, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_forests" title="List of Minnesota state forests">58 state forests</a> covering about four million acres (16,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>km<sup>2</sup>), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_National_Forest" title="Chippewa National Forest">Chippewa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superior_National_Forest" title="Superior National Forest">Superior national forests</a> comprise 5.5 million acres (22,000 km<sup>2</sup>). The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness" title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness">Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness</a>, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>km<sup>2</sup>) and a thousand lakes. To its west is <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs_National_Park" title="Voyageurs National Park">Voyageurs National Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Mississippi National River and Recreation Area">Mississippi National River and Recreation Area</a> (MNRRA) is a 72-mile-long (116 km) corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">List of cities in Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Minnesota" title="List of townships in Minnesota">List of townships in Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OwatonnaBank.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/OwatonnaBank.JPG/220px-OwatonnaBank.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/OwatonnaBank.JPG/330px-OwatonnaBank.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/OwatonnaBank.JPG/440px-OwatonnaBank.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Farmers_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="National Farmers Bank">National Farmers Bank</a> in <a href="/wiki/Owatonna,_Minnesota" title="Owatonna, Minnesota">Owatonna</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital city</a> since 1849, first as capital of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Minnesota">Territory of Minnesota</a>, and then as the state capital since 1858.
</p><p>Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul#Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Twin Cities metropolitan area</a>, the country's 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state's population.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup> The remainder of the state is known as "<a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Minnesota">Greater Minnesota</a>" or "Outstate Minnesota".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2010 census. In descending order of population, they are <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Park, Minnesota">Brooklyn Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Minnesota" title="Plymouth, Minnesota">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">Saint Cloud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodbury,_Minnesota" title="Woodbury, Minnesota">Woodbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagan,_Minnesota" title="Eagan, Minnesota">Eagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple_Grove,_Minnesota" title="Maple Grove, Minnesota">Maple Grove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Coon Rapids, Minnesota">Coon Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eden_Prairie,_Minnesota" title="Eden Prairie, Minnesota">Eden Prairie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnetonka,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnetonka, MN">Minnetonka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnsville,_Minnesota" title="Burnsville, Minnesota">Burnsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Valley,_Minnesota" title="Apple Valley, Minnesota">Apple Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaine,_Minnesota" title="Blaine, Minnesota">Blaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Minnesota" title="Lakeville, Minnesota">Lakeville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-popest_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popest-84">[82]</a></sup> Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.
</p><p>Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_County,_Minnesota" title="Sherburne County, Minnesota">Sherburne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Minnesota" title="Scott County, Minnesota">Scott</a> counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-85">[83]</a></sup>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style>
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<div>
<table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Minnesota</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-QuickFacts_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-86">[84]</a></sup></div></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">Rank</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">Name</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Minnesota" title="List of counties in Minnesota">County</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota"> Pop.</a>
</th>
<th>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_skyline_51.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Minneapolis"><img alt="Minneapolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Minneapolis_skyline_51.JPG/120px-Minneapolis_skyline_51.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Minneapolis_skyline_51.JPG/180px-Minneapolis_skyline_51.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Minneapolis_skyline_51.JPG/240px-Minneapolis_skyline_51.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="1937" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_paul_mn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Paul"><img alt="Saint Paul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_paul_mn.jpg/120px-Saint_paul_mn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_paul_mn.jpg/180px-Saint_paul_mn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_paul_mn.jpg/240px-Saint_paul_mn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a>
</td>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">425,336
</td>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rochester"><img alt="Rochester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG/120px-SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG/180px-SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG/240px-SkylineRochesterMNreflectected.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="1673" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloomingtontownhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bloomington"><img alt="Bloomington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bloomingtontownhall.jpg/120px-Bloomingtontownhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bloomingtontownhall.jpg/180px-Bloomingtontownhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bloomingtontownhall.jpg/240px-Bloomingtontownhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="932" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_County,_Minnesota" title="Ramsey County, Minnesota">Ramsey</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">307,193
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_County,_Minnesota" title="Olmsted County, Minnesota">Olmsted</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">121,465
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">89,298
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Minnesota" title="St. Louis County, Minnesota">St. Louis</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">86,372
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Park, Minnesota">Brooklyn Park</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">84,526
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Minnesota" title="Plymouth, Minnesota">Plymouth</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">79,828
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Woodbury,_Minnesota" title="Woodbury, Minnesota">Woodbury</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Minnesota" title="Washington County, Minnesota">Washington</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">76,990
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Minnesota" title="Lakeville, Minnesota">Lakeville</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_County,_Minnesota" title="Dakota County, Minnesota">Dakota</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">72,812
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blaine,_Minnesota" title="Blaine, Minnesota">Blaine</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anoka_County,_Minnesota" title="Anoka County, Minnesota">Anoka</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">70,935
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p>The United States Navy has recognized
<a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ships_named_for_Minnesota" title="List of naval ships named for Minnesota">multiple Minnesota communities</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minnesota" title="Demographics of Minnesota">Demographics of Minnesota</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnesota_2020_Population_Density.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Minnesota_2020_Population_Density.png/220px-Minnesota_2020_Population_Density.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Minnesota_2020_Population_Density.png/330px-Minnesota_2020_Population_Density.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Minnesota_2020_Population_Density.png/440px-Minnesota_2020_Population_Density.png 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>Minnesota 2020 Population Density Map</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1139752202">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style>
<table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right">
<caption>Historical population</caption>
<tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>6,077</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>172,023</td><td></td><td>2,730.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>439,706</td><td></td><td>155.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>780,773</td><td></td><td>77.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,310,283</td><td></td><td>67.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,751,394</td><td></td><td>33.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>2,075,708</td><td></td><td>18.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>2,387,125</td><td></td><td>15.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>2,563,953</td><td></td><td>7.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>2,792,300</td><td></td><td>8.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>2,982,483</td><td></td><td>6.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>3,413,864</td><td></td><td>14.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>3,804,971</td><td></td><td>11.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>4,075,970</td><td></td><td>7.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>4,375,099</td><td></td><td>7.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>4,919,479</td><td></td><td>12.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>5,303,925</td><td></td><td>7.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>5,706,494</td><td></td><td>7.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">5,737,915</td><td></td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Source: 1910–2020<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a></sup><br />2022 Estimate<sup id="cite_ref-2023_Estimate_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_Estimate-4">[3]</a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> and the Minnesota State Demographic Center, Minnesota had a population of about 5.7 million in 2020, making it the 22nd-most populous U.S. state.<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstUS_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-88">[86]</a></sup> Its fertility rate in 2021 was slightly below the replacement rate at 1.75, but the state has seen growth over the past century through more births than deaths, and significant immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2018_y464_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2018_y464-89">[87]</a></sup> A destination for European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, it now attracts people from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, primarily Mexico; <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>; and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_Language_MN_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_Language_MN-6">[5]</a></sup> The state has a diverse population in terms of age, birthplace, ancestry, and socioeconomic status, with a well-educated populace and a median household income around $77,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_Bureau_QuickFacts_2022_f936_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_Bureau_QuickFacts_2022_f936-90">[88]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Minnesota's racial demographics have significantly diversified since its early settlement period. As of 2020, according to U.S. census data, the white population had fallen to 77.5% from over 98% in the early to mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup> Concurrently, other racial populations have markedly increased. The Black population has risen to 7%, the Asian population to 5.3%, and those identifying as two or more races to 6.1%.
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; display:inline-table;">
<caption>Racial composition in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2020_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2020-92">[90]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Race</th>
<th>Percentage
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td>
<td>77.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a></td>
<td>7.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a></td>
<td>1.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td>
<td>5.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Pacific Islander</a></td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td>
<td>3.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td>
<td>6.1%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>According to the 2017 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, 5.1% of Minnesota's population were of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> origin (of any race): <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican</a> (3.5%), <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> (0.2%), <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban</a> (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2016DEMO_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2016DEMO-93">[91]</a></sup> The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> (33.8%), <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian American">Norwegian</a> (15.3%), <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> (10.5%), <a href="/wiki/Swedish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish American">Swedish</a> (8.1%), and <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> (5.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup> Minnesota has the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> population, and the largest Hmong population per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-Imgpnanss_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imgpnanss-95">[93]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Immigration">Immigration</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Since the 1960s, Minnesota's immigrant population has been shaped by its status as a major area for refugee resettlement. As of 2018, Minnesota had the largest refugee population per capita of any state, with 2% of the country's population but 13% of its refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup> Other refugee groups that have recently been settling in Minnesota include Burmese, Congolese, Russians, and Ukrainians.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption><b>Country of origin of first and second-generation immigrants (2023)</b><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Country
</th>
<th>Population
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>
</td>
<td>95,227
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>
</td>
<td>76,658
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[c]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>55,005
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>
</td>
<td>39,559
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>
</td>
<td>36,982
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>
</td>
<td>24,901
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>
</td>
<td>24,353
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>
</td>
<td>22,283
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>
</td>
<td>20,168
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>
</td>
<td>20,126
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>
</td>
<td>19,235
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>
</td>
<td>18,804
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>
</td>
<td>16,823
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>
</td>
<td>15,679
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>
</td>
<td>13,544
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>
</td>
<td>12,787
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>
</td>
<td>12,137
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Minnesota" title="Religion in Minnesota">Religion in Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg/150px-St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg/225px-St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg/300px-St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French Renaissance</a> style <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul,_National_Shrine_of_the_Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Paul, National Shrine of the Apostle Paul">Cathedral of St. Paul</a> in the city of St. Paul</figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota's religious landscape is also diverse, having evolved significantly over its history. The area's first Christian influence came from Catholic missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. 19th-century European settlers, especially Scandinavians, established Protestant denominations, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> also continued to be significant due to Irish immigrants, and the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis">Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis</a> serves a substantial Catholic community. The 20th and 21st centuries witnessed growth in other Christian denominations and non-Christian religions due to further immigration, leading to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, Hmong, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> communities, as well as a sizable <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-103">[100]</a></sup> A growing number of people identify as <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a>, in line with national trends. As of 2014, 74% of Minnesotans identified as Christian, 5% belonged to non-Christian faiths, and 20% identified as religiously unaffiliated, according to the Pew Research Center.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Minnesota" title="Economy of Minnesota">Economy of Minnesota</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Minnesota locations by per capita income">List of Minnesota locations by per capita income</a></div>
<p>Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a></sup> Minnesota's economy had a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of $383<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a></sup> with 33 of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target</a>, <a href="/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group" title="UnitedHealth Group">UnitedHealth Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bancorp" title="U.S. Bancorp">U.S. Bancorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameriprise">Ameriprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormel">Hormel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_O%27_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Land O' Lakes">Land O' Lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperValu_(United_States)" title="SuperValu (United States)">SuperValu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valspar" title="Valspar">Valspar</a>. Private companies based in Minnesota include <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a>, the largest privately owned company in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Carlson_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlson Companies">Carlson Companies</a>, the parent company of <a href="/wiki/Radisson_Hotels" title="Radisson Hotels">Radisson Hotels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_income" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by income">per capita personal income</a> in 2019 was $58,834, the thirteenth-highest in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></sup> Its 2019 <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Industry_and_commerce">Industry and commerce</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDS_reflecting_Wells_Fargo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IDS_reflecting_Wells_Fargo.jpg/170px-IDS_reflecting_Wells_Fargo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IDS_reflecting_Wells_Fargo.jpg/255px-IDS_reflecting_Wells_Fargo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IDS_reflecting_Wells_Fargo.jpg/340px-IDS_reflecting_Wells_Fargo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/IDS_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="IDS Tower">IDS Tower</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>, is the state's tallest building,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a></sup> reflecting <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pelli" title="César Pelli">César Pelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Minneapolis)" title="Wells Fargo Center (Minneapolis)">Wells Fargo Center</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anthony Falls">St. Anthony Falls</a>. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a></sup> it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a></sup> The state is the nation's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">sweet corn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a> for processing, and farm-raised <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a>. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans,<sup id="cite_ref-resources_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resources-115">[112]</a></sup> and has the most food <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives#United_States" title="List of food cooperatives">cooperatives</a> per capita in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> remains strong, including <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a> processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, <a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">taconite</a> mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country's usable iron ore.<sup id="cite_ref-resources_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resources-115">[112]</a></sup> The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a> was <a href="/wiki/Edina,_Minnesota" title="Edina, Minnesota">Edina's</a> <a href="/wiki/Southdale_Center" title="Southdale Center">Southdale Center</a>, and its largest is Bloomington's <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a>.
</p><p>Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Lottery" title="Minnesota State Lottery">own lottery</a>; its games include <a href="/wiki/Multi-State_Lottery_Association" title="Multi-State Lottery Association">multi-jurisdiction draws</a>, in-house draws, and other games.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_use_and_production">Energy use and production</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Minnesota" title="List of power stations in Minnesota">List of power stations in Minnesota</a></div>
<p>Minnesota produces <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a> and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix (<a href="/wiki/E10_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="E10 fuel">E10</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></sup> In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying <a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a> fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></sup> A 2% <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> blend has been required in <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. The state gets nearly one-fifth of all its electrical energy from wind.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy" title="Xcel Energy">Xcel Energy</a> is the state's largest utility and is headquartered in the state;<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a></sup> it is one of five investor-owned utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-121">[118]</a></sup> There are also a number of municipal utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-121">[118]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_taxes">State taxes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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Minnesota has a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive income tax">progressive income tax</a> structure; the four brackets of state <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a></sup> As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-TF_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TF-123">[120]</a></sup> In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10.2% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-TF_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TF-123">[120]</a></sup> The state <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> in Minnesota is 6.875%, but clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.<sup id="cite_ref-salestax_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salestax-124">[121]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">state legislature</a> may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">Excise</a> taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a <a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">use tax</a> on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-salestax_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salestax-124">[121]</a></sup> Owners of <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> in Minnesota pay <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property tax</a> to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.</p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fine_and_performing_arts">Fine and performing arts</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mpls_arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mpls_arts.jpg/220px-Mpls_arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mpls_arts.jpg/330px-Mpls_arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mpls_arts.jpg/440px-Mpls_arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> north facade, designed by <a href="/wiki/McKim,_Mead,_and_White" class="mw-redirect" title="McKim, Mead, and White">McKim, Mead, and White</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menagha_St._Urho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Menagha_St._Urho.jpg/170px-Menagha_St._Urho.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Menagha_St._Urho.jpg/255px-Menagha_St._Urho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Menagha_St._Urho.jpg/340px-Menagha_St._Urho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/St._Urho" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Urho">St. Urho</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menahga,_Minnesota" title="Menahga, Minnesota">Menahga, Minnesota</a>, in 2020</figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota's leading <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> museums include the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_R._Weisman_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum">Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Russian_Art" title="The Museum of Russian Art">The Museum of Russian Art</a> (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Orchestra" title="Minnesota Orchestra">Minnesota Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra">Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra</a> are prominent full-time professional <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensembles</a> who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities' community. The world-renowned <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_Theater" title="Guthrie Theater">Guthrie Theater</a> moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis's number of theater companies ranks behind only <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a></sup> and about 2.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Royce_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royce-127">[124]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Fringe_Festival" title="Minnesota Fringe Festival">Minnesota Fringe Festival</a> in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a>, kids' shows, <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a>, and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country's largest non-juried performing arts festival.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> are the subject of <a href="/wiki/Giants_in_the_Earth_(novel)" title="Giants in the Earth (novel)"><i>Giants in the Earth</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Ole_Rolvaag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ole Rolvaag">Ole Rolvaag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie" title="Little House on the Prairie"><i>Little House</i></a> series of children's books by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</a>. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> in the novel <a href="/wiki/Main_Street_(novel)" title="Main Street (novel)"><i>Main Street</i></a>, and more gently and affectionately by <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> in his tales of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon" title="Lake Wobegon">Lake Wobegon</a>. St. Paul native <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Dreams" title="Winter Dreams">Winter Dreams</a></i> and <i>The Ice Palace</i> (published in <i><a href="/wiki/Flappers_and_Philosophers" title="Flappers and Philosophers">Flappers and Philosophers</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a></i> was inspired by Minnesota and names of many of the state's places and bodies of water. Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>) won the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Marissa_Lingen" title="Marissa Lingen">Marissa Lingen</a> lives here.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Entertainment">Entertainment</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Minnesota" title="Music of Minnesota">Music of Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Avenue_nightclub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Avenue_nightclub.jpg/220px-First_Avenue_nightclub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Avenue_nightclub.jpg/330px-First_Avenue_nightclub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/First_Avenue_nightclub.jpg/440px-First_Avenue_nightclub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Avenue_(nightclub)" title="First Avenue (nightclub)">First Avenue</a> nightclub, the heart of Minnesota's music community<sup id="cite_ref-Compass_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compass-59">[58]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota musicians include <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cochran" title="Eddie Cochran">Eddie Cochran</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Andrews_Sisters" title="The Andrews Sisters">The Andrews Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Castaways" title="The Castaways">The Castaways</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trashmen" title="The Trashmen">The Trashmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_Asylum" title="Soul Asylum">Soul Asylum</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ellefson" title="David Ellefson">David Ellefson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_Smith" title="Chad Smith">Chad Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wozniak" title="John Wozniak">John Wozniak</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsker_D%C3%BC" title="Hüsker Dü">Hüsker Dü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semisonic" title="Semisonic">Semisonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)" title="The Replacements (band)">The Replacements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owl_City" title="Owl City">Owl City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holly_Henry" title="Holly Henry">Holly Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_City_Soundtrack" title="Motion City Soundtrack">Motion City Soundtrack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(music_group)" title="Atmosphere (music group)">Atmosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dessa" title="Dessa">Dessa</a>. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen's "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_Bird" title="Surfin' Bird">Surfin' Bird</a>" and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Original_7ven" class="mw-redirect" title="The Original 7ven">The Original 7ven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_%26_Terry_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis">Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jets_(Minnesota_band)" title="The Jets (Minnesota band)">The Jets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipps_Inc." title="Lipps Inc.">Lipps Inc.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_(band)" title="Information Society (band)">Information Society</a>.
</p><p>Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip <i><a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a></i> was created by St. Paul native <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz" title="Charles M. Schulz">Charles M. Schulz</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_Prairie_Home_Companion" title="A Prairie Home Companion">A Prairie Home Companion</a> which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. A cult <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">sci-fi</a> cable TV show, <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000">Mystery Science Theater 3000</a></i>, was created by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Hodgson" title="Joel Hodgson">Joel Hodgson</a> in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i>, was originated through <a href="/wiki/Lizz_Winstead" title="Lizz Winstead">Lizz Winstead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Smithberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine Smithberg">Madeleine Smithberg</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Joel_and_Ethan_Coen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel and Ethan Coen">Joel and Ethan Coen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Pohlad" title="Bill Pohlad">Bill Pohlad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Todd" title="Mike Todd">Mike Todd</a> contributed to the art of <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include <a href="/wiki/Loni_Anderson" title="Loni Anderson">Loni Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson" title="Richard Dean Anderson">Richard Dean Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Arness" title="James Arness">James Arness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Biel" title="Jessica Biel">Jessica Biel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachael_Leigh_Cook" title="Rachael Leigh Cook">Rachael Leigh Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Duffy" title="Julia Duffy">Julia Duffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Farrell" title="Mike Farrell">Mike Farrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Graves" title="Peter Graves">Peter Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hartnett" title="Josh Hartnett">Josh Hartnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hedlund" title="Garrett Hedlund">Garrett Hedlund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tippi_Hedren" title="Tippi Hedren">Tippi Hedren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Lange" title="Jessica Lange">Jessica Lange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lynch" title="Kelly Lynch">Kelly Lynch</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.G._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="E.G. Marshall">E.G. Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Osnes" title="Laura Osnes">Laura Osnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Peterman" title="Melissa Peterman">Melissa Peterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pratt" title="Chris Pratt">Chris Pratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Ross" title="Marion Ross">Marion Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Russell" title="Jane Russell">Jane Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seann_William_Scott" title="Seann William Scott">Seann William Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Sorbo" title="Kevin Sorbo">Kevin Sorbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lea_Thompson" title="Lea Thompson">Lea Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vince_Vaughn" title="Vince Vaughn">Vince Vaughn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Hong" title="James Hong">James Hong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Zahn" title="Steve Zahn">Steve Zahn</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_and_movies_in_Minnesota" title="List of television shows and movies in Minnesota">List of television shows and movies in Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNfiddles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MNfiddles.jpg/150px-MNfiddles.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MNfiddles.jpg/225px-MNfiddles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MNfiddles.jpg/300px-MNfiddles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A youth <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> performance at the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" title="Minnesota State Fair">Minnesota State Fair</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotypical</a> traits of Minnesotans include "<a href="/wiki/Minnesota_nice" title="Minnesota nice">Minnesota nice</a>", <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of <a href="/wiki/North_Central_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="North Central American English">North Central American English</a> sprinkled with <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> expressions. <a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">Potlucks</a>, usually with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hotdish" title="Hotdish">hotdishes</a>, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional <a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">lutefisk</a> dinner to celebrate Christmas. Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fargo_(1996_film)" title="Fargo (1996 film)">Fargo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grumpy_Old_Men_(film)" title="Grumpy Old Men (film)">Grumpy Old Men</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grumpier_Old_Men" title="Grumpier Old Men">Grumpier Old Men</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(film)" title="Juno (film)">Juno</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drop_Dead_Gorgeous_(film)" title="Drop Dead Gorgeous (film)">Drop Dead Gorgeous</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Adult_(film)" title="Young Adult (film)">Young Adult</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Serious_Man" title="A Serious Man">A Serious Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_in_Town" title="New in Town">New in Town</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rio_(2011_film)" title="Rio (2011 film)">Rio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mighty Ducks (film series)">The Mighty Ducks films</a>,</i> and in famous television series like <i><a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)" title="Little House on the Prairie (TV series)">Little House on the Prairie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show" title="The Mary Tyler Moore Show">The Mary Tyler Moore Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Girls" title="The Golden Girls">The Golden Girls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coach_(TV_series)" title="Coach (TV series)">Coach</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show">The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother" title="How I Met Your Mother">How I Met Your Mother</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fargo_(TV_series)" title="Fargo (TV series)">Fargo</a></i>. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include <i><a href="/wiki/That_Was_Then..._This_Is_Now" title="That Was Then... This Is Now">That Was Then... This Is Now</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Purple_Rain_(film)" title="Purple Rain (film)">Purple Rain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Airport_(1970_film)" title="Airport (1970 film)">Airport</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Girls_(film)" title="Beautiful Girls (film)">Beautiful Girls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/North_Country_(film)" title="North Country (film)">North Country</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Untamed_Heart" title="Untamed Heart">Untamed Heart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Feeling_Minnesota" title="Feeling Minnesota">Feeling Minnesota</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jingle_All_The_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingle All The Way">Jingle All The Way</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Plan_(film)" title="A Simple Plan (film)">A Simple Plan</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Ducks_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mighty Ducks (film series)">The Mighty Ducks films</a></i>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" title="Minnesota State Fair">Minnesota State Fair</a>, advertised as <i>The Great Minnesota Get-Together</i>, is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million people, there were more than 1.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a></sup> The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, food preparation, <a href="/wiki/4-H" title="4-H">4-H</a> displays, music, <a href="/wiki/Midway_(fair)" title="Midway (fair)">the midway</a>, and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of <a href="/wiki/Seed_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed art">seed art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Kay_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Princess Kay of the Milky Way">dairy princesses</a>, the birthing barn, and the "fattest pig" competition. In September 1927, <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> and his band gave the premiere performance of "<a href="/wiki/The_Minnesota_March" title="The Minnesota March">The Minnesota March</a>" at the fair before a grandstand crowd of 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-130">[127]</a></sup> One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as <a href="/wiki/Pronto_Pup" title="Pronto Pup">Pronto Pups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese_curds#Fried_cheese_curds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese curds">cheese curds</a>, and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.
</p><p>Other large annual festivals include the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Winter_Carnival" title="Saint Paul Winter Carnival">Saint Paul Winter Carnival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Renaissance_Festival" title="Minnesota Renaissance Festival">Minnesota Renaissance Festival</a>, Minneapolis' <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Aquatennial" title="Minneapolis Aquatennial">Aquatennial</a> and Mill City Music Festival, <a href="/wiki/Moondance_Jam" title="Moondance Jam">Moondance Jam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walker,_Minnesota" title="Walker, Minnesota">Walker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> Festival in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Grand Rapids, Minnesota">Grand Rapids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eelpout_Festival" title="Eelpout Festival">Eelpout Festival</a> on Leech Lake, and the <a href="/wiki/WE_Fest" title="WE Fest">WE Fest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lakes,_Minnesota" title="Detroit Lakes, Minnesota">Detroit Lakes</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG/220px-MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG/330px-MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG/440px-MayoMedicalCentersign2006-05-14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-UHC_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHC-131">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a></sup> They have long life expectancies,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a></sup> and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-UHC_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHC-131">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></sup> These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UHC_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHC-131">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a></sup> While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 1, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_Breathe_Act" title="Freedom to Breathe Act">Freedom to Breathe Act</a> took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Health" title="Minnesota Department of Health">Minnesota Department of Health</a> is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including <a href="/wiki/Allina" class="mw-redirect" title="Allina">Allina</a> Hospitals & Clinics, <a href="/wiki/CentraCare_Health_System" class="mw-redirect" title="CentraCare Health System">CentraCare Health System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essentia_Health" title="Essentia Health">Essentia Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/HealthPartners" title="HealthPartners">HealthPartners</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_Health_Fairview" title="M Health Fairview">M Health Fairview</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Health_System" title="Mayo Clinic Health System">Mayo Clinic Health System</a>. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_School" title="University of Minnesota Medical School">University of Minnesota Medical School</a> is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Worrall_Mayo" title="William Worrall Mayo">William Worrall Mayo</a>, an immigrant from England.<sup id="cite_ref-Welbourn1990_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welbourn1990-140">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haddy2011_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddy2011-141">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>U.S. News & World Report</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a></sup> The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">heart health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, and other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Minnesota" title="Education in Minnesota">Education in Minnesota</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Minnesota" title="List of colleges and universities in Minnesota">List of colleges and universities in Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Minnesota" title="List of high schools in Minnesota">List of high schools in Minnesota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Minnesota" title="List of school districts in Minnesota">List of school districts in Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillsbury_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pillsbury_Hall.jpg/220px-Pillsbury_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pillsbury_Hall.jpg/330px-Pillsbury_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pillsbury_Hall.jpg/440px-Pillsbury_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a> Pillsbury Hall (1889) is one of the oldest buildings on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> Minneapolis campus.</figcaption></figure>
<p>One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a> in Winona. Minnesota's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a>, and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor's degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a></sup> In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation's "Most Literate City", while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a></sup> In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a></sup> In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the <a href="/wiki/ACT_(examination)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT (examination)">ACT exam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a></sup> In 2013, nationwide in per-student public education spending, Minnesota ranked 21st.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a></sup> While Minnesota has chosen not to implement <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school vouchers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vouchers_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vouchers-149">[146]</a></sup> it is home to the first <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Charter_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charter-150">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Colleges_and_Universities_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System">Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System</a>, and five major campuses of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_system" title="University of Minnesota system">University of Minnesota system</a>. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation's top 100 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> colleges, according to <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Minnesota" title="Transportation in Minnesota">Transportation in Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duluth_canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Duluth_canal.jpg/220px-Duluth_canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Duluth_canal.jpg/330px-Duluth_canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Duluth_canal.jpg/440px-Duluth_canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Lift_Bridge" title="Aerial Lift Bridge">Aerial Lift Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Transportation" title="Minnesota Department of Transportation">Minnesota Department of Transportation</a> (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities">Twin Cities</a> metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> are <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Minnesota" title="Interstate 35 in Minnesota">Interstate<span class="nowrap"> </span>35</a> (I-35), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Minnesota" title="Interstate 90 in Minnesota">I-90</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_94_in_Minnesota" title="Interstate 94 in Minnesota">I-94</a>, with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the southern edge of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a></sup> In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a></sup> There are nearly two dozen <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a> corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a></sup> There is water transportation along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> system and from the ports of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg/220px-Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg/330px-Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg/440px-Green_Line_trains_on_both_tracks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Metro_Green_Line_(Minnesota)" title="Metro Green Line (Minnesota)">Metro Green Line</a> trains on the University of Minnesota–Twin Cities campus</figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota's principal airport is <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93St._Paul_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport">Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport</a> (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines" title="Sun Country Airlines">Sun Country Airlines</a>. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via <a href="/wiki/Delta_Connection" title="Delta Connection">Delta Connection</a> carriers <a href="/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines" title="SkyWest Airlines">SkyWest Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compass_Airlines_(North_America)" title="Compass Airlines (North America)">Compass Airlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Air" title="Endeavor Air">Endeavor Air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeltaRoutes_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeltaRoutes-156">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including <a href="/wiki/Metro_Transit_(Minnesota)" title="Metro Transit (Minnesota)">Metro Transit</a> in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_Transit_Authority" title="Minnesota Valley Transit Authority">Minnesota Valley Transit Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/SouthWest_Transit" title="SouthWest Transit">SouthWest Transit</a>, Plymouth Metrolink, Maple Grove Transit and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as <a href="/wiki/Duluth_Transit_Authority" title="Duluth Transit Authority">Duluth Transit Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankato_Transit_System" title="Mankato Transit System">Mankato Transit System</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATBUS_(Fargo-Moorhead)" title="MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead)">MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota#Transportation" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester Public Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota#Transportation" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">Saint Cloud Metro Bus</a>, Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota counties.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to bus services, <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s daily <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_Builder" title="Empire Builder">Empire Builder</a></i> (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Union_Depot" title="Saint Paul Union Depot">Saint Paul Union Depot</a> and five other stations.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a></sup> Intercity bus providers include <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lines" title="Jefferson Lines">Jefferson Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Bus_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyhound Bus Lines">Greyhound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a>. Local public transit is provided by <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The <a href="/wiki/Northstar_Line" title="Northstar Line">Northstar Line</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service runs from <a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Minnesota" title="Big Lake, Minnesota">Big Lake</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Target_Field_(Metro_Transit_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Target Field (Metro Transit station)">Target Field station</a> in downtown Minneapolis. From there, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Line (Minnesota)">Green Line</a>, and to the MSP airport and the <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Minneapolis-St._Paul_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro)">Blue Line</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Law_and_government">Law and government</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Minnesota" title="Law of Minnesota">Law of Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnesota_state_coat_of_arms_(illustrated,_1876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Minnesota_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg/170px-Minnesota_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Minnesota_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg/255px-Minnesota_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Minnesota_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg/340px-Minnesota_state_coat_of_arms_%28illustrated%2C_1876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Historical_coats_of_arms_of_the_U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical coats of arms of the U.S. states">historical coat of arms</a> of Minnesota in 1876</figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota is governed pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Constitution" title="Minnesota Constitution">Minnesota Constitution</a>, which was adopted on October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-159">[156]</a></sup> Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican system</a> of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a></sup> The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">federal counterpart</a>, with some protected more strongly and explicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-159">[156]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Executive">Executive</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor of Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Walz_official_photo_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tim_Walz_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/170px-Tim_Walz_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tim_Walz_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/255px-Tim_Walz_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tim_Walz_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/340px-Tim_Walz_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The executive branch is led by Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party">DFLer</a> who took office on January 7, 2019. As chief executive, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">governor</a> appoints the heads of state agencies and is responsible for faithful execution of the law. As commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces, the governor also has command and control over the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_National_Guard" title="Minnesota National Guard">Minnesota National Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_V,_Minnesota_Constitution_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_V,_Minnesota_Constitution-161">[158]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota#Cabinet" title="Governor of Minnesota">cabinet</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota">lieutenant governor</a> and the heads of Minnesota's 22 state agencies consults and assists the governor in the business of state government.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a></sup>
</p><p>Aside from the governor and lieutenant governor, who are elected on a <a href="/wiki/Joint_ticket" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint ticket">joint ticket</a>, Minnesotans separately elect three other constitutional officers: a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State of Minnesota">secretary of state</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Attorney General">attorney general</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Auditor" title="Minnesota State Auditor">state auditor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_V,_Minnesota_Constitution_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_V,_Minnesota_Constitution-161">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[d]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[e]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[f]</a></sup> These five "executive officers" together constitute the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Executive_Council" title="Minnesota Executive Council">Executive Council</a>, which has certain statutory responsibilities in matters of state finance, emergency management, and public lands administration.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a></sup>
</p><p>Constitutional officeholders:
</p>
<ul><li>Governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> (DFL)</li>
<li>Lt. Governor <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Flanagan" title="Peggy Flanagan">Peggy Flanagan</a> (DFL)</li>
<li>Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Steve_Simon" title="Steve Simon">Steve Simon</a> (DFL)</li>
<li>Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Keith Ellison</a> (DFL)</li>
<li>State Auditor <a href="/wiki/Julie_Blaha" title="Julie Blaha">Julie Blaha</a> (DFL)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislature">Legislature</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Minnesota Legislature</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnesota_State_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Minnesota_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-Minnesota_State_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Minnesota_State_Capitol.jpg/330px-Minnesota_State_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Minnesota_State_Capitol.jpg/440px-Minnesota_State_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Capitol" title="Minnesota State Capitol">Minnesota State Capitol</a> in Saint Paul, designed by <a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Minnesota Legislature</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> body consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Senate" title="Minnesota Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives" title="Minnesota House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. The state has 67 districts, each with about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, each senatorial district being divided into <i>A</i> and <i>B</i> sections for members of the House. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.
</p><p>Since 2023, both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority.<sup id="cite_ref-Faircloth_2022_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faircloth_2022-172">[166]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Judiciary">Judiciary</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_District_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota District Courts">district courts</a>, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Court_of_Appeals" title="Minnesota Court of Appeals">Minnesota Court of Appeals</a>, consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota Supreme Court</a> hears all appeals from the tax court, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Workers%27_Compensation_Court_of_Appeals" title="Minnesota Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals">workers' compensation court of appeals</a>, first-degree murder convictions, and <a href="/wiki/Certiorari#State_courts" title="Certiorari">discretionary appeals</a> from the court of appeals; it also has <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> over election disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a></sup>
</p><p>Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers' compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.
</p><p>Supreme Court Justices<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Hudson" title="Natalie Hudson">Natalie Hudson</a></li></ul>
<p>Associate Justices
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Anderson" title="Barry Anderson">Barry Anderson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Lillehaug" title="David Lillehaug">David Lillehaug</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Hudson" title="Natalie Hudson">Natalie Hudson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chutich" title="Margaret Chutich">Margaret Chutich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McKeig" title="Anne McKeig">Anne McKeig</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thissen" title="Paul Thissen">Paul Thissen</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional">Regional</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. <a href="/wiki/Regional_Development_Commissions" title="Regional Development Commissions">Regional development commissions</a> (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Planning_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Planning Organizations">Metropolitan Planning Organizations</a> (MPOs), such as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_(Minnesota)" title="Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)">Metropolitan Council</a>, provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by <a href="/wiki/Watershed_district_(Minnesota)" title="Watershed district (Minnesota)">watershed districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_and_water_conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil and water conservation district">soil and water conservation districts</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal">Federal</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/United_States_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States senator">United States senators</a> are Democrats <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Tina Smith</a>. The state has eight <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Congressional_Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Congressional Districts">congressional districts</a>; they are represented by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Finstad" title="Brad Finstad">Brad Finstad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 1st congressional district">1st district</a>; R), <a href="/wiki/Angie_Craig" title="Angie Craig">Angie Craig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a>; DFL), <a href="/wiki/Dean_Phillips" title="Dean Phillips">Dean Phillips</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 3rd congressional district">3rd</a>; DFL), <a href="/wiki/Betty_McCollum" title="Betty McCollum">Betty McCollum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 4th congressional district">4th</a>; DFL), <a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 5th congressional district">5th</a>; DFL), <a href="/wiki/Tom_Emmer" title="Tom Emmer">Tom Emmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 6th congressional district">6th</a>; R), <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Fischbach" title="Michelle Fischbach">Michelle Fischbach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 7th congressional district">7th</a>; R), and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Stauber" title="Pete Stauber">Pete Stauber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Minnesota's 8th congressional district">8th</a>; R).
</p><p>Federal court cases are heard in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota" title="United States District Court for the District of Minnesota">United States District Court for the District of Minnesota</a>, in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergus Falls">Fergus Falls</a>. Appeals are heard by the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals">Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a> and St. Paul.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tribal">Tribal</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a> that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:
</p><p>Four Dakota <a href="/wiki/Mdewakanton" title="Mdewakanton">Mdewakanton</a> communities:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Indian_Community" title="Prairie Island Indian Community">Prairie Island Indian Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shakopee_Mdewakanton_Sioux_Community" title="Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community">Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Indian_Reservation" title="Lower Sioux Indian Reservation">Lower Sioux Indian Reservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Community,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota">Upper Sioux Community – Pejuhutazizi Oyate</a></li></ul>
<p>Seven Anishinaabe reservations:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bois_Forte_Band_of_Chippewa" title="Bois Forte Band of Chippewa">Bois Forte Band of Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_Band_of_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Portage Band of Chippewa">Grand Portage Band of Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leech_Lake_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe">Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe">Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_Earth_Band_of_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="White Earth Band of Ojibwe">White Earth Band of Ojibwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_Band_of_Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lake Band of Chippewa">Red Lake Band of Chippewa</a></li></ul>
<p>The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Chippewa_Tribe" title="Minnesota Chippewa Tribe">Minnesota Chippewa Tribe</a>, the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota" title="Politics of Minnesota">Politics of Minnesota</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Minnesota" title="List of political parties in Minnesota">List of political parties in Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">United States congressional delegations from Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_congressional_districts" title="Minnesota's congressional districts">Minnesota's congressional districts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Minnesota" title="Political party strength in Minnesota">Political party strength in Minnesota</a></div>
<table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 95%;">
<caption>United States presidential election results for Minnesota<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year
</th>
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>
</th>
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>
</th>
<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>No. </th>
<th scope="col">%</th>
<th scope="col">No. </th>
<th scope="col">%</th>
<th scope="col">No. </th>
<th scope="col">%
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="2020 United States presidential election in Minnesota">2020</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,484,065
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.28%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,717,077
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>52.40%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">76,029
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.32%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="2016 United States presidential election in Minnesota">2016</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,323,232
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">44.93%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,367,825
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>46.44%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">254,176
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8.63%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="2012 United States presidential election in Minnesota">2012</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,320,225
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">44.96%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,546,167
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>52.65%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">70,169
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.39%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="2008 United States presidential election in Minnesota">2008</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,275,409
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">43.82%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,573,354
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>54.06%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">61,606
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.12%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="2004 United States presidential election in Minnesota">2004</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,346,695
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47.61%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,445,014
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>51.09%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">36,678
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.30%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="2000 United States presidential election in Minnesota">2000</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,109,659
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.50%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,168,266
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>47.91%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">160,760
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.59%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1996 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1996</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">766,476
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">34.96%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,120,438
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>51.10%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">305,726
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13.94%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1992 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1992</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">747,841
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31.85%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,020,997
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>43.48%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">579,110
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">24.66%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1988 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1988</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">962,337
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.90%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,109,471
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>52.91%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">24,982
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.19%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1984 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1984</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,032,603
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">49.54%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,036,364
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>49.72%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">15,482
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.74%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1980 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1980</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">873,241
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.56%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">954,174
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>46.50%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">224,538
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10.94%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1976 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1976</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">819,395
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.02%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">1,070,440
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>54.90%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">60,096
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.08%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1972 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1972</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">898,269
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>51.58%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">802,346
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">46.07%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">41,037
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.36%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1968 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1968</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">658,643
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">41.46%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">857,738
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>54.00%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">72,129
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.54%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1964 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1964</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">559,624
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36.00%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">991,117
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>63.76%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,721
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.24%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1960 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1960</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">757,915
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">49.16%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">779,933
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>50.58%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,039
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.26%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1956 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1956</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">719,302
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>53.68%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">617,525
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">46.08%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,178
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.24%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1952 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1952</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">763,211
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>55.33%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">608,458
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">44.11%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,814
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.57%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1948 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1948</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">483,617
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.89%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">692,966
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>57.16%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">35,643
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.94%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1944 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1944</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">527,416
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46.86%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">589,864
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>52.41%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,249
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.73%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1940 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1940</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">596,274
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47.66%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">644,196
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>51.49%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10,718
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.86%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1936 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1936</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">350,461
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31.01%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">698,811
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>61.84%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">80,703
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.14%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1932 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1932</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">363,959
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36.29%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">600,806
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>59.91%</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">38,078
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.80%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1928 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1928</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">560,977
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>57.77%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">396,451
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">40.83%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13,548
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.40%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1924 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1924</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">420,759
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>51.18%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">55,913
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">6.80%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">345,474
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">42.02%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1920 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1920</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">519,421
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>70.59%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">142,994
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">19.43%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">73,423
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">9.98%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1916 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1916</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">179,544
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>46.35%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">179,152
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">46.25%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">28,668
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.40%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C97979"><b><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1912 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1912</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">64,334
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.25%
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">106,426
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">31.84%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">163,459
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;"><b>48.91%</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1908 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1908</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">195,843
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>59.11%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">109,401
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">33.02%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">26,060
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.87%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1904 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1904</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">216,651
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>73.98%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">55,187
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">18.84%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">21,022
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.18%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1900 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1900</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">190,461
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>60.21%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">112,901
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">35.69%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12,949
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.09%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1896 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1896</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">193,503
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>56.62%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">139,735
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">40.89%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,524
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.49%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1892 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1892</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">122,823
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>45.96%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">100,920
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">37.76%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">43,495
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">16.28%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1888 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1888</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">142,492
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>54.12%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">104,385
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">39.65%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">16,408
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.23%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1884 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1884</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">111,685
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>58.78%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">70,065
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">36.87%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,267
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.35%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1880 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1880</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">93,902
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>62.28%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">53,315
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">35.36%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,553
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.36%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1876 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1876</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">72,955
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>58.80%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">48,587
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">39.16%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,533
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.04%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1872 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1872</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">55,708
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>61.27%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">35,211
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">38.73%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1868 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1868</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">43,722
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>60.88%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">28,096
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">39.12%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1864 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1864</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25,055
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>59.06%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">17,367
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">40.94%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1860 United States presidential election in Minnesota">1860</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22,069
</td>
<td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>63.53%</b>
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">11,920
</td>
<td style="background-color:#B0CEFF">34.31%
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">748
</td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.15%
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> has been a long-standing force among the state's <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a></sup> Minnesota has a consistently high <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 U.S. presidential election</a>, 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted – the highest percentage of any U.S. state – versus the national average of 61.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a></sup> That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a></sup> Voters can register on <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">election day</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Polling_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling places">polling places</a> with evidence of residency.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> brought national attention to the state with his address at the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a>. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when the state was won by Republican <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.
</p><p>Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party</a> (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party">Farmer-Labor</a> parties.
</p><p>The state has had active third-party movements. The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of the United States">Reform Party</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party</a>, was able to elect former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Park, Minnesota">Brooklyn Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestler" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestler">professional wrestler</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_gubernatorial_election,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1998">governorship in 1998</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party</a> has received enough support to keep major-party status. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Green Party of Minnesota">Green Party</a>, while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,<sup id="cite_ref-GrnOffHldrs_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrnOffHldrs-181">[175]</a></sup> notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved for parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).
</p><p>The state's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> seats have generally been split since the early 1990s and in the <a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a> and <a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans <a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Molnau" title="Carol Molnau">Carol Molnau</a> narrowly won reelection. The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> U.S. Representative from Minnesota, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> elected to Congress nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a></sup> In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> defeated incumbent Republican <a href="/wiki/Norm_Coleman" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a> in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.
</p><p>In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton's election, the DFL party took the governor's office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a></sup> and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> as Governor.
</p><p>In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_media_in_Minnesota" title="List of media in Minnesota">List of media in Minnesota</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Minnesota" title="List of newspapers in Minnesota">List of newspapers in Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSTP_Studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/KSTP_Studio.jpg/220px-KSTP_Studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/KSTP_Studio.jpg/330px-KSTP_Studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/KSTP_Studio.jpg/440px-KSTP_Studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4465" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KSTP-TV" title="KSTP-TV">KSTP studios</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media market</a> in the United States, as ranked by <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>. The state's other top markets are <a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo–Moorhead</a> (118th nationally), <a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Broadcast television</a> in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when <a href="/wiki/KSTP-TV" title="KSTP-TV">KSTP-TV</a> began broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Broadcasting" title="Hubbard Broadcasting">Hubbard Broadcasting</a>, which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> station <a href="/wiki/WCCO-TV" title="WCCO-TV">WCCO-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">FOX</a> station <a href="/wiki/KMSP-TV" title="KMSP-TV">KMSP-TV</a> are <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated" class="mw-redirect" title="Owned-and-operated">owned-and-operated</a> by their respective networks. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Minnesota_(by_channel_number)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in Minnesota (by channel number)">39 analog</a> broadcast stations and 23 <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a> channels broadcast over Minnesota.
</p><p>The four largest daily newspapers are the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a></i> in Minneapolis, the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press" title="St. Paul Pioneer Press">Pioneer Press</a></i> in Saint Paul, the <i><a href="/wiki/Duluth_News_Tribune" title="Duluth News Tribune">Duluth News Tribune</a></i> in Duluth, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Bulletin" title="Post-Bulletin">Post-Bulletin</a></i> in Rochester. <i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Daily" title="Minnesota Daily">The Minnesota Daily</a></i> is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a></sup> Sites offering daily news on the Web include <i><a href="/wiki/The_UpTake" title="The UpTake">The UpTake</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/MinnPost.com" class="mw-redirect" title="MinnPost.com">MinnPost</a></i>, the Twin Cities <i>Daily Planet</i>, business news site <i><a href="/wiki/Finance_%26_Commerce" title="Finance & Commerce">Finance and Commerce</a></i> and Washington D.C.-based <i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Independent">Minnesota Independent</a></i>. Weeklies including <i><a href="/wiki/City_Pages" title="City Pages">City Pages</a></i> and monthly publications such as <i>Minnesota Monthly</i> are available.
</p><p>Two of the largest <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a> networks, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a> (MPR) and <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a> (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a></sup> PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a></sup> The state's oldest radio station, <a href="/wiki/KUOM" title="KUOM">KUOM</a>-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-<a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_radio_stations" title="List of oldest radio stations">oldest radio stations</a> in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">college rock</a> format.
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<h2><span id="Sports.2C_recreation_and_tourism"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports,_recreation_and_tourism">Sports, recreation and tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, added to traditional interests in <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Organized_sports">Organized sports</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Minnesota" title="Sports in Minnesota">Sports in Minnesota</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg/220px-2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg/330px-2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg/440px-2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud_State_University" title="St. Cloud State University">St. Cloud State University</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Hockey_Association" title="Western Collegiate Hockey Association">WCHA</a> Final Five at the <a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center" title="Xcel Energy Center">Xcel Energy Center</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings" title="Minnesota Vikings">Minnesota Vikings</a> have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Stadium" title="Metropolitan Stadium">Metropolitan Stadium</a> from 1961 through 1981 and in the <a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome" title="Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome">Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome</a> from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team's new home, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bank_Stadium" title="U.S. Bank Stadium">U.S. Bank Stadium</a>. The Vikings' current stadium hosted <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII" title="Super Bowl LII">Super Bowl LII</a> in February 2018. <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVI" title="Super Bowl XXVI">Super Bowl XXVI</a> was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_IV" title="Super Bowl IV">Super Bowl IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_VIII" title="Super Bowl VIII">Super Bowl VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_IX" title="Super Bowl IX">Super Bowl IX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XI" title="Super Bowl XI">Super Bowl XI</a>, losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins" title="Minnesota Twins">Minnesota Twins</a> have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins" title="Minnesota Twins">Washington Senators</a>, a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and <a href="/wiki/1991_World_Series" title="1991 World Series">1991 World Series</a> in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the <a href="/wiki/1965_World_Series" title="1965 World Series">1965 World Series</a>, where they lost to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Los Angeles Dodgers</a> in seven games. The team has played at <a href="/wiki/Target_Field" title="Target Field">Target Field</a> since 2010.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Lakers">Minneapolis Lakers</a> of the National Basketball Association played in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Auditorium" title="Minneapolis Auditorium">Minneapolis Auditorium</a> from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves" title="Minnesota Timberwolves">Minnesota Timberwolves</a> joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in <a href="/wiki/Target_Center" title="Target Center">Target Center</a> since 1990.
</p><p>The National Hockey League's <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Wild" title="Minnesota Wild">Minnesota Wild</a> play in St. Paul's <a href="/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center" title="Xcel Energy Center">Xcel Energy Center</a>, and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a></sup> Previously, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars" title="Minnesota North Stars">Minnesota North Stars</a> competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="Stanley Cup Finals">Stanley Cup Finals</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_United_FC" title="Minnesota United FC">Minnesota United FC</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division <a href="/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Soccer League (2010)">North American Soccer League</a> from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at <a href="/wiki/Allianz_Field" title="Allianz Field">Allianz Field</a> in St. Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a></sup> Previous professional soccer teams have included the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Kicks" title="Minnesota Kicks">Minnesota Kicks</a>, which played at <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Stadium" title="Metropolitan Stadium">Metropolitan Stadium</a> from 1976 to 1981, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Strikers" title="Minnesota Strikers">Minnesota Strikers</a> from 1984 to 1988.
</p><p>Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Swarm" title="Minnesota Swarm">Minnesota Swarm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a> played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Saints" title="St. Paul Saints">St. Paul Saints</a>, who play at <a href="/wiki/CHS_Field" title="CHS Field">CHS Field</a> in St. Paul, are the <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a> minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.
</p><p>Professional women's sports include the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx" title="Minnesota Lynx">Minnesota Lynx</a> of the Women's National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Aurora_FC" title="Minnesota Aurora FC">Minnesota Aurora FC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Soccer_League" title="United Soccer League">United Soccer League</a> <a href="/wiki/USL_W-League_(1995%E2%80%932015)" title="USL W-League (1995–2015)">W-League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Vixen" title="Minnesota Vixen">Minnesota Vixen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Football_League" title="Independent Women's Football League">Independent Women's Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valkyrie" title="Minnesota Valkyrie">Minnesota Valkyrie</a> of the Legends Football League, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Whitecaps" title="Minnesota Whitecaps">Minnesota Whitecaps</a> of the National Women's Hockey League.
</p><p>The Twin Cities campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a>. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Duluth" title="University of Minnesota Duluth">University of Minnesota Duluth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_University,_Mankato" title="Minnesota State University, Mankato">Minnesota State University, Mankato</a>; <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud_State_University" title="St. Cloud State University">St. Cloud State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bemidji_State_University" title="Bemidji State University">Bemidji State University</a>. There are nine <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II" title="NCAA Division II">NCAA Division II</a> colleges in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sun_Intercollegiate_Conference" title="Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference">Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference</a>, and twenty <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">NCAA Division III</a> colleges in the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest_Athletic_Conference" title="Upper Midwest Athletic Conference">Upper Midwest Athletic Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>Minneapolis has hosted the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship">NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/1951_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament">2001</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2019_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament">2019</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hazeltine_National_Golf_Club" title="Hazeltine National Golf Club">Hazeltine National Golf Club</a> has hosted the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_Open" title="U.S. Women's Open">U.S. Women's Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senior_Open" title="U.S. Senior Open">U.S. Senior Open</a> and <a href="/wiki/PGA_Championship" title="PGA Championship">PGA Championship</a>. The course also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Cup" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a> in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Interlachen_Country_Club" title="Interlachen Country Club">Interlachen Country Club</a> has hosted the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_Open" title="U.S. Women's Open">U.S. Women's Open</a>, and Solheim Cup.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a> <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice" title="Miracle on Ice">1980 ice hockey team</a> (coached by Minnesota native <a href="/wiki/Herb_Brooks" title="Herb Brooks">Herb Brooks</a>) and the bronze medalist <a href="/wiki/Curling_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics#Men's" title="Curling at the 2006 Winter Olympics">U.S. men's</a> <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a> team in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a>, as well as the gold medal-winning team from <a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Curling_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics#Men's" title="Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>. Swimmer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Malchow" title="Tom Malchow">Tom Malchow</a> won an Olympic gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer games</a> and a silver medal in <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Grandma%27s_Marathon" title="Grandma's Marathon">Grandma's Marathon</a> is run every summer along the scenic <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Lake_Superior)" title="North Shore (Lake Superior)">North Shore of Lake Superior</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Marathon" title="Twin Cities Marathon">Twin Cities Marathon</a> winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Color_change_in_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Color change in leaves">fall color season</a>. Farther north, <a href="/wiki/Eveleth,_Minnesota" title="Eveleth, Minnesota">Eveleth</a> is the location of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Hockey Hall of Fame">United States Hockey Hall of Fame</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Outdoor_recreation">Outdoor recreation</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg/220px-Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg/330px-Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Lake_Calhoun_MN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Fishing on <a href="/wiki/Bde_Maka_Ska" title="Bde Maka Ska">Bde Maka Ska</a> in Minneapolis<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a></sup> and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Listening_Point_sauna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Listening_Point_sauna.jpg/220px-Listening_Point_sauna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Listening_Point_sauna.jpg/330px-Listening_Point_sauna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Listening_Point_sauna.jpg/440px-Listening_Point_sauna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>An old <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a> cabin of <a href="/wiki/Listening_Point" title="Listening Point">Listening Point</a> on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Burntside_Lake" title="Burntside Lake">Burntside Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morse_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota" title="Morse Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota">Morse Township</a>, Minnesota</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family <a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cabins</a> on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include <a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">water sports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">water skiing</a>, which originated in the state,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a></sup>
</p><p>Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; <a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">ice fishing</a> has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a></sup> Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a>, curling, and <a href="/wiki/Broomball" title="Broomball">broomball</a>, and snow sports such as <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">luge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowshoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowshoeing">snowshoeing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobiling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a></sup> Minnesota is the only U.S. state where <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> is played.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a></sup>
</p><p>State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>. There are almost 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of snowmobile trails statewide.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a></sup> Minnesota has more miles of <a href="/wiki/Bike_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike trail">bike trails</a> than any other state,<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a></sup> and a growing network of <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">hiking trails</a>, including the 235-mile (378 km) <a href="/wiki/Superior_Hiking_Trail" title="Superior Hiking Trail">Superior Hiking Trail</a> in the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a></sup> Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Minnesota-related_articles" title="Index of Minnesota-related articles">Index of Minnesota-related articles</a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-NAVD88-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Four states have more lakes than Minnesota: Alaska, Kansas, Michigan, and Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmong people are a stateless group; the majority of Hmong in Minnesota have immigrated from either Laos or Thailand.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The secretary of state is custodian of state records and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seal of the State of Minnesota">state seal</a>, registers businesses, and administers elections. The secretary of state also processes notary public applications and administers Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/Address_confidentiality_program" title="Address confidentiality program">address confidentiality program</a> for victims of crime, among other responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The attorney general is the chief law officer for the state of Minnesota, representing state agencies in legal proceedings and issuing written opinions on questions of law. As chief law officer, the attorney general also enforces state consumer protection and antitrust laws, regulates charities, and advocates for people and small businesses in utilities matters, among other responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The state auditor supervises and audits the finances of Minnesota's 3,600 local governments, which altogether spend over $40 billion annually.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a></sup> The state auditor also performs under contract the annual <a href="/wiki/Single_audit" class="mw-redirect" title="Single audit">single audit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_federal_assistance_in_the_United_States" title="Administration of federal assistance in the United States">federal programs</a> administered by state agencies and their subrecipients. Public expenditures overseen by the state auditor thus exceed standalone state spending by 15.3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a></sup></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li id="cite_note-USGS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">"Elevations and Distances in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elevations+and+Distances+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegsc.usgs.gov%2Fisb%2Fpubs%2Fbooklets%2Felvadist%2Felvadist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png">"Lake Superior Water Levels"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807223014/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png">Archived</a> August 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Updated daily.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-2023_Estimate-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023_Estimate_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023_Estimate_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222">"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts"</a>. <i>QuickFacts</i>. U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 Estimate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213024646/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QuickFacts&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau+QuickFacts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2FMN%2FPST045222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0">"Median Annual Household Income"</a>. <i>The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Henry+J.+Kaiser+Family+Foundation&rft.atitle=Median+Annual+Household+Income&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkff.org%2Fother%2Fstate-indicator%2Fmedian-annual-income%2F%3FcurrentTimeframe%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Immigration_Language_MN-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Language_MN_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigration_Language_MN_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/">"Immigration & Language"</a>. <i>Minnesota State Demographic Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609162359/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+State+Demographic+Center&rft.atitle=Immigration+%26+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fadmin%2Fdemography%2Fdata-by-topic%2Fimmigration-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-StateSymbolsUSA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StateSymbolsUSA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine">"Minnesota State Tree – Red Pine (Norway Pine)"</a>. State Symbols USA. October 11, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200203/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+State+Tree+%E2%80%93+Red+Pine+%28Norway+Pine%29&rft.pub=State+Symbols+USA&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatesymbolsusa.org%2Fsymbol-official-item%2Fminnesota%2Fstate-tree%2Fred-pine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDowning2021" class="citation web cs1">Downing, John A. (May 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-information/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes">"Minnesota: Land of How Many Lakes?"</a>. <i>Minnesota Sea Grant</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101204342/https://seagrant.umn.edu/news-info/directors-column/minnesota-land-how-many-lakes">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Sea+Grant&rft.atitle=Minnesota%3A+Land+of+How+Many+Lakes%3F&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseagrant.umn.edu%2Fnews-information%2Fdirectors-column%2Fminnesota-land-how-many-lakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/">"Our Estimates: Latest annual estimates of Minnesota and its Economic Development Regions' population and households, 2021"</a>. <i>Population Data</i>. Minnesota State Demographic Center. August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513130752/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/population-data/our-estimates/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Data&rft.atitle=Our+Estimates%3A+Latest+annual+estimates+of+Minnesota+and+its+Economic+Development+Regions%27+population+and+households%2C+2021&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fadmin%2Fdemography%2Fdata-by-topic%2Fpopulation-data%2Four-estimates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf">"Greater Minnesota Refined & Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Greater Minnesota Status Report</i>. Minnesota State Demographic Center. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412030707/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greater+Minnesota+Status+Report&rft.atitle=Greater+Minnesota+Refined+%26+Revisited&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fadmin%2Fassets%2Fgreater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_transition_of_a_new_world_Bohemia.-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_transition_of_a_new_world_Bohemia._11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJerabek" class="citation web cs1">Jerabek, Esther. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf">"The transition of a new world Bohemia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minnesota Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224051452/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/15/v15i01p026-042.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+transition+of+a+new+world+Bohemia.&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Jerabek&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mnhs.org%2FMNHistoryMagazine%2Farticles%2F15%2Fv15i01p026-042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBackerud2014" class="citation web cs1">Backerud, Thomas K. (August 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/">"What it meant to be 'progressive' in turn-of-the-century Minnesota"</a>. <i>MinnPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202657/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/08/what-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=What+it+meant+to+be+%27progressive%27+in+turn-of-the-century+Minnesota&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft.aulast=Backerud&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fmnopedia%2F2014%2F08%2Fwhat-it-meant-be-progressive-turn-century-minnesota%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MNHmong-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MNHmong_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLee2021" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Mai Na M. (October 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota">"Hmong and Hmong Americans in Minnesota"</a>. <i>MNopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006025521/https://www.mnopedia.org/hmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MNopedia&rft.atitle=Hmong+and+Hmong+Americans+in+Minnesota&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mai+Na+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnopedia.org%2Fhmong-and-hmong-americans-minnesota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota#">Minnesota Rankings and Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622182544/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/minnesota">Archived</a> June 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | US News Best States</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Lakota dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium (2008).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002143839/https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630">"Mnisota"</a>. <i>Dakota Dictionary Online</i>. University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filemaker.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=1630">the original</a> on October 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dakota+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Mnisota&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilemaker.cla.umn.edu%2Fdakota%2Fbrowserecord.php%3F-action%3Dbrowse%26-recid%3D1630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSandy2024" class="citation web cs1">Sandy, John H. (January 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/13032">"Origin and History of the Minnesota Place Name"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+and+History+of+the+Minnesota+Place+Name&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft.aulast=Sandy&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.ua.edu%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430112357/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm">"Minnehaha Creek"</a>. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/Waterway.cfm?PlaceNameID=2002&BookCodeID=9&County=27&SendingPage=Results.cfm">the original</a> on April 30, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnehaha+Creek&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmnplaces.mnhs.org%2Fupham%2FWaterway.cfm%3FPlaceNameID%3D2002%26BookCodeID%3D9%26County%3D27%26SendingPage%3DResults.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-timepieces-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timepieces_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060917211935/http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm">"TimePieces"</a>. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://events.mnhs.org/TimePieces/timeline.cfm">the original</a> on September 17, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TimePieces&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevents.mnhs.org%2FTimePieces%2Ftimeline.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase">"Louisiana Purchase – History, Facts, & Map"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010249/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Louisiana+Purchase+%E2%80%93+History%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F349302%2FLouisiana-Purchase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlainFaber" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlain, Charles; Faber, Lo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090342/http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana">"Spanish Colonial Louisiana"</a>. <i>Know Louisiana</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/spanish-colonial-louisiana">the original</a> on February 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Know+Louisiana&rft.atitle=Spanish+Colonial+Louisiana&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Faber%2C+Lo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowlouisiana.org%2Fentry%2Fspanish-colonial-louisiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lass-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lass_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lass_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lass_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lass_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lass_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLass1998" class="citation book cs1">Lass, William E. (1998) [1977]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8"><i>Minnesota: A History</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04628-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04628-1"><bdi>978-0-393-04628-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04628-1&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesotahistory0000lass_v7g8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gilman-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilman_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilman_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilman_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilman_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGilman1991" class="citation book cs1">Gilman, Rhoda R. (July 1, 1991). <i>The Story of Minnesota's Past</i>. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-267-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-267-1"><bdi>978-0-87351-267-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Minnesota%27s+Past&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1991-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-267-1&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Rhoda+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hfs-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hfs_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231055/http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html">"Historic Fort Snelling"</a>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/history.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Fort+Snelling&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnhs.org%2Fplaces%2Fsites%2Fhfs%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027214559/http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php">"City History"</a>. <i>Welcome to the City of Crystal, MN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/about_crystal/city_history.php">the original</a> on October 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+the+City+of+Crystal%2C+MN&rft.atitle=City+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.crystal.mn.us%2Fabout_crystal%2Fcity_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112</span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Collection of Confusable Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minnesota: A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202-203</span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West. With incidents of travel in that territory during the summer of 1849. With a map by E. S. SEYMOUR page xii</span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Lights: The Stories of Minnesota's Past By Dave Kenney, Hillary Wackman, Nancy O'Brien Wagner page 94</span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKunnen-Jones2002" class="citation web cs1">Kunnen-Jones, Marianne (August 21, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085622/http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm">"Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising"</a>. University of Cincinnati. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm">the original</a> on June 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anniversary+Volume+Gives+New+Voice+To+Pioneer+Accounts+of+Sioux+Uprising&rft.pub=University+of+Cincinnati&rft.date=2002-08-21&rft.aulast=Kunnen-Jones&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uc.edu%2Fnews%2Fsioux.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-anderson2019-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson2019_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Gary Clayton (2019). <i>Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History.</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. P. 107 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6434-2">978-0-8061-6434-2</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steil, Mark and Tim Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml">Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223010616/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part4.shtml">Archived</a> February 23, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Minnesota Public Radio. September 26, 2002.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2018" class="citation news cs1">Becker, Jayne (October 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104233734/https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/">"The controversial career of Minnesota's first territorial governor, Alexander Ramsey"</a>. <i>MinnPost</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2018/10/the-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey/">the original</a> on November 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=The+controversial+career+of+Minnesota%27s+first+territorial+governor%2C+Alexander+Ramsey&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fmnopedia%2F2018%2F10%2Fthe-controversial-career-of-minnesotas-first-territorial-governor-alexander-ramsey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-aftermath-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aftermath_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWoltman2019" class="citation news cs1">Woltman, Nick (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227171951/https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/">"U.S.-Dakota War's aftermath a 'dark moment' in Fort Snelling history "work=Pioneer Press"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/">the original</a> on December 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.-Dakota+War%27s+aftermath+a+%27dark+moment%27+in+Fort+Snelling+history+%22work%3DPioneer+Press&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Woltman&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twincities.com%2F2019%2F05%2F04%2Fu-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBiewen2012" class="citation news cs1">Biewen, John (December 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10">"Part 10: Payback for the Dakota – banishment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203234241/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/12/11/dakota-war-part10">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Part+10%3A+Payback+for+the+Dakota+%E2%80%93+banishment&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Biewen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fdakota-war-part10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment">"Forced Marches & Imprisonment"</a>. <i>The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862</i>. Minnesota Historical Society. August 23, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320010318/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+U.S.-Dakota+War+of+1862&rft.atitle=Forced+Marches+%26+Imprisonment&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusdakotawar.org%2Fhistory%2Faftermath%2Fforced-marches-imprisonment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bounty-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bounty_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bounty_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The US-Dakota War, Hamline University, C. Rotel, 2013,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922210952/http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=facsch">Archived</a> September 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHazen" class="citation web cs1">Hazen, Theodore R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html">"New Process Milling of 1850–70"</a>. Pond Lily Mill Restorations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619073151/http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millrestoration/newprocess.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Process+Milling+of+1850%E2%80%9370&rft.pub=Pond+Lily+Mill+Restorations&rft.aulast=Hazen&rft.aufirst=Theodore+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fjournal%2Fmillrestoration%2Fnewprocess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDanbom,_David_B.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Danbom, David B. (Spring 2003). "Flour Power: The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls". <i>Minnesota History</i>. <b>58</b> (5): 271–285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=Flour+Power%3A+The+Significance+of+Flour+Milling+at+the+Falls&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=271-285&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Danbom%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622021939/http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm">"Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959"</a>. Hagley Museum and Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/2015.htm">the original</a> on June 22, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+Research+Associates+Records+1946%E2%80%931959&rft.pub=Hagley+Museum+and+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagley.lib.de.us%2F2015.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFye2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fye, W. Bruce (2010). "PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International "Medical Mecca"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>. <b>84</b> (3): 323–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2010.0019">10.1353/bhm.2010.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-5140">0007-5140</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44448967">44448967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21037395">21037395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44839983">44839983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=PRESIDENTIAL+ADDRESS%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+the+Mayo+Clinic+from+1864+to+1939%3A+A+Minnesota+Family+Practice+Becomes+an+International+%22Medical+Mecca%22&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-357&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44839983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2010.0019&rft.issn=0007-5140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44448967%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21037395&rft.aulast=Fye&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHoff2023" class="citation web cs1">Hoff, Jennifer (May 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255">"Mayo Clinic, legislature standoff could lead to economic hit on Minnesota"</a>. <i>kare11.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026185320/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota/89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kare11.com&rft.atitle=Mayo+Clinic%2C+legislature+standoff+could+lead+to+economic+hit+on+Minnesota&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft.aulast=Hoff&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kare11.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmayo-clinic-legislature-standoff-could-lead-to-economic-hit-minnesota%2F89-665fda3f-3c47-41a4-b5c0-511907eb7255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGilman1991" class="citation book cs1">Gilman, Rhoda R. (1991). <i>The Story of Minnesota's Past</i>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-267-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87351-267-7"><bdi>0-87351-267-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Minnesota%27s+Past&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87351-267-7&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Rhoda+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2012" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Tom (2012). <i>Minnesota's miracle: learning from the government that worked</i>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-8053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-8053-5"><bdi>978-0-8166-8053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%27s+miracle%3A+learning+from+the+government+that+worked&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-8053-5&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenneySaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenney, Dave; Saylor, Thomas (2013). <i>Minnesota in the 70s</i>. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-900-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-900-7"><bdi>978-0-87351-900-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+in+the+70s&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-900-7&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Saylor%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBierschbachVan_Berkel2023" class="citation web cs1">Bierschbach, Briana; Van Berkel, Jessie (May 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/">"Minnesota Legislature wrapping work on one of the most consequential sessions in state history"</a>. <i>Star Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521043216/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax/600276542/">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Minnesota+Legislature+wrapping+work+on+one+of+the+most+consequential+sessions+in+state+history&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft.aulast=Bierschbach&rft.aufirst=Briana&rft.au=Van+Berkel%2C+Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fminnesota-legislature-wraps-work-on-one-of-the-most-consequential-sessions-in-state-history-tax%2F600276542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2023" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Tom (May 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/">"Minnesota Miracle 2.0? Not quite, but close enough"</a>. <i>Star Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618015110/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough/600277536/">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Minnesota+Miracle+2.0%3F+Not+quite%2C+but+close+enough.&rft.date=2023-05-24&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fminnesota-miracle-2-0-not-quite-but-close-enough%2F600277536%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401204836/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar">"Just the Facts"</a>. Minnesota North Star (official state government site). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?id=-8542&subchannel=null&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536879492&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536888179&agency=NorthStar">the original</a> on April 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Just+the+Facts&rft.pub=Minnesota+North+Star+%28official+state+government+site%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.mn.us%2Fportal%2Fmn%2Fjsp%2Fcontent.do%3Fid%3D-8542%26subchannel%3Dnull%26sc2%3Dnull%26sc3%3Dnull%26contentid%3D536879492%26contenttype%3DEDITORIAL%26programid%3D536888179%26agency%3DNorthStar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on July 4, 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859662.html">"Facts and figures"</a>. Infoplease. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615062217/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/us/minnesota-state-united-states-facts-figures.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+figures&rft.pub=Infoplease&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fus%2FA0859662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html">"Land and Water Area of States, 2008"</a>. Information Please. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720013202/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+and+Water+Area+of+States%2C+2008&rft.pub=Information+Please&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0108355.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MNGeog-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNGeog_57-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOjakangasCharles_L._Matsch1982" class="citation book cs1">Ojakangas, Richard W.; Charles L. Matsch (1982). <i>Minnesota's Geology</i>. Illus. Dan Breedy. Minneapolis, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0953-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-0953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%27s+Geology&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0953-6&rft.aulast=Ojakangas&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Charles+L.+Matsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">"Geologic Time: Age of the Earth"</a>. United States Geological Survey. October 9, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geologic+Time%3A+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1997-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fgeotime%2Fage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Compass-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Compass_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compass_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compass_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBreining2005" class="citation book cs1">Breining, Greg (December 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesota0003brei"><i>Compass American Guides: Minnesota, 3rd Edition</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Fodor%27s" title="Fodor's">Compass American Guides</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-1484-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-1484-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-1484-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compass+American+Guides%3A+Minnesota%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Compass+American+Guides&rft.date=2005-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-1484-2&rft.aulast=Breining&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesota0003brei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010202724/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html">"Natural history – Minnesota's geology"</a>. Minnesota DNR. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snas/naturalhistory.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+history+%E2%80%93+Minnesota%27s+geology&rft.pub=Minnesota+DNR&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Fsnas%2Fnaturalhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327204634/http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html">"Table Showing Minnesota Earthquakes"</a>. University of Minnesota, Morris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrs.umn.edu/earthquakes/MNeqchart.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+Showing+Minnesota+Earthquakes&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrs.umn.edu%2Fearthquakes%2FMNeqchart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0">"118 km (73 mi) SW of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada"</a>. <i>Topographic map</i>. U.S.G.S via terraserver.microsoft.com. July 1, 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009100944/http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=16&lon=-90.56700164&lat=47.79184974&w=600&h=400&opt=0">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Topographic+map&rft.atitle=118+km+%2873+mi%29+SW+of+Thunder+Bay%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.date=1964-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsrmaps.com%2Fmap.aspx%3Ft%3D2%26s%3D16%26lon%3D-90.56700164%26lat%3D47.79184974%26w%3D600%26h%3D400%26opt%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513163803/http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html">"Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America"</a>. National Atlas. October 2, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continental+Divides+in+North+Dakota+and+North+America&rft.pub=National+Atlas&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalatlas.gov%2Farticles%2Fgeology%2Fa_continentalDiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dnr-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnr_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnr_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnr_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnr_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html">"Lakes, rivers & wetlands"</a>. <i>MN Facts</i>. Minnesota DNR. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629143248/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MN+Facts&rft.atitle=Lakes%2C+rivers+%26+wetlands&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Ffaq%2Fmnfacts%2Fwater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/the-number-of-u-s-lakes-by-state-where-does-your-state-rank/ar-AA1cUODR">The Number of U.S. Lakes By State: Where Does Your State Rank?</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-weatheralmanac-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weatheralmanac_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSeeley2006" class="citation book cs1">Seeley, Mark W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesotaweather0000seel"><i>Minnesota Weather Almanac</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a> press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-554-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-554-2"><bdi>978-0-87351-554-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Weather+Almanac&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-554-2&rft.aulast=Seeley&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesotaweather0000seel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf">Ecological Provinces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104611/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/natural_resources/ecs/province.pdf">Archived</a> October 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Ecological Classification System</i>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a> (1999). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Heinselman-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heinselman_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeinselman1996" class="citation book cs1">Heinselman, Miron (1996). <i>The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem</i>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2805-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2805-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-2805-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundary+Waters+Wilderness+Ecosystem&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2805-6&rft.aulast=Heinselman&rft.aufirst=Miron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBewer2004" class="citation book cs1">Bewer, Tim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesota00bewe"><i>Moon Handbooks Minnesota</i></a> (First ed.). Avalon Travel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56691-482-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56691-482-6"><bdi>978-1-56691-482-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Handbooks+Minnesota&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56691-482-6&rft.aulast=Bewer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesota00bewe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010429031358/http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html">"Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition (NA0415)"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0415_full.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Upper+Midwest+forest-savanna+transition+%28NA0415%29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fwildworld%2Fprofiles%2Fterrestrial%2Fna%2Fna0415_full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span> (archived from original June 11, 2008).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bison disappeared in the mid-19th century; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoyle1965" class="citation book cs1">Moyle, J. B. (1965). <i>Big Game in Minnesota, Technical Bulletin, no. 9</i>. Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Section of Research and Planning. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Game+in+Minnesota%2C+Technical+Bulletin%2C+no.+9&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Conservation%2C+Division+of+Game+and+Fish%2C+Section+of+Research+and+Planning&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Moyle&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span> As referenced in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAnfinson1997" class="citation book cs1">Anfinson, Scott F. (1997). <i>Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology</i>. St. Paul, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota Historical Society</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-355-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-355-5"><bdi>978-0-87351-355-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southwestern+Minnesota+Archaeology&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-355-5&rft.aulast=Anfinson&rft.aufirst=Scott+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf">Gray Wolf Factsheet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104610/https://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/gray_wolf_factsheet.pdf">Archived</a> October 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (January 2007). Retrieved on May 3, 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html">"Center for Biological Diversity"</a>. <i>www.biologicaldiversity.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323072614/http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biologicaldiversity.org&rft.atitle=Center+for+Biological+Diversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologicaldiversity.org%2Fspecies%2Fbirds%2Fbald_eagle%2Freport%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-extremes-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extremes_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005084248/http://www.climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm">"Minnesota climate extremes"</a>. University of Minnesota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.umn.edu/doc/historical/extremes.htm">the original</a> on October 5, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+climate+extremes&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.umn.edu%2Fdoc%2Fhistorical%2Fextremes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-noaa-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noaa_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noaa_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noaa_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528042433/http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf">"Climate of Minnesota"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Weather Service Forecast Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Minnesota&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service+Forecast+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.ncdc.noaa.gov%2Fclimatenormals%2Fclim60%2Fstates%2FClim_MN_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526112144/http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm">"104 Years of Twin Cities Dew Point Temperature Records: 1902–2006"</a>. Minnesota Climatology Office. March 7, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mspdewpoint.htm">the original</a> on May 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=104+Years+of+Twin+Cities+Dew+Point+Temperature+Records%3A+1902%E2%80%932006&rft.pub=Minnesota+Climatology+Office&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.umn.edu%2Fdoc%2Ftwin_cities%2Fmspdewpoint.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-mn.pdf">"What Climate Change Means For Minnesota"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Climate+Change+Means+For+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2016-09%2Fdocuments%2Fclimate-change-mn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Minnesota_climate_averages-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_climate_averages_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America">"Minnesota climate averages"</a>. Weatherbase. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031433/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MN&statename=Minnesota-United-States-of-America">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+climate+averages&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fcity.php3%3Fc%3DUS%26s%3DMN%26statename%3DMinnesota-United-States-of-America&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403192641/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html">"Itasca State Park"</a>. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/itasca/narrative.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Itasca+State+Park&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Fstate_parks%2Fitasca%2Fnarrative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm">"Places To Go"</a>. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413225513/http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places+To+Go&rft.pub=National+Park+Service%2C+U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmiss%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fplacestogo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHibbs2016" class="citation web cs1">Hibbs, James (November 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf">"Analysis of the 2015 Population and Household Estimates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Presentation)</span>. <i>Demographic Reports and Analysis</i>. Minnesota State Demographics Center. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184332/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/analysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Minnesota's estimated population in 2015 is 5,485,238. Over half (54.8%) of Minnesota's population lives in the seven Twin Cities area counties that make up Region 11. The population of Region 11 has surpassed three million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demographic+Reports+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+2015+Population+and+Household+Estimates&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.aulast=Hibbs&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fadmin%2Fassets%2Fanalysis-2015-population-household-estimates-msdc-nov2016_tcm36-270612.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf">"Greater Minnesota Refined and Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minnesota State Demographics Center</i>. State of Minnesota: Department of Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628181622/https://mn.gov/admin/assets/greater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+State+Demographics+Center&rft.atitle=Greater+Minnesota+Refined+and+Revisited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fadmin%2Fassets%2Fgreater-mn-refined-and-revisited-msdc-jan2017_tcm36-273216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-popest-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popest_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307174342/http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html">"Population Estimates"</a>. Minnesota Demographic Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demography.state.mn.us/estimates.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Estimates&rft.pub=Minnesota+Demographic+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demography.state.mn.us%2Festimates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EIA-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIA_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf">"Environmental Information Report, App. D Socioeconomic Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. May 30, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/reports/eir-appendix-e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Information+Report%2C+App.+D+Socioeconomic+Information&rft.pub=Minnesota+Pollution+Control+Agency&rft.date=2003-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pca.state.mn.us%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Feir-appendix-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-QuickFacts-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/brooklynparkcityminnesota,duluthcityminnesota,bloomingtoncityminnesota,rochestercityminnesota,stpaulcityminnesota,minneapoliscityminnesota/POP010220">"QuickFacts"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fbrooklynparkcityminnesota%2Cduluthcityminnesota%2Cbloomingtoncityminnesota%2Crochestercityminnesota%2Cstpaulcityminnesota%2Cminneapoliscityminnesota%2FPOP010220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Historical+Population+Change+Data+%281910%E2%80%932020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdec%2Fpopchange-data-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PopEstUS-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopEstUS_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222">"QuickFacts Minnesota; UNITED STATES"</a>. <i>2022 Population Estimates</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Population Division. January 1, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011526/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045222">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2022+Population+Estimates&rft.atitle=QuickFacts+Minnesota%3B+UNITED+STATES&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2FMN%2CUS%2FPST045222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2018_y464-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_2018_y464_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm">"Stats of the State of Minnesota"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. April 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711002517/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/minnesota/minnesota.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Stats+of+the+State+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fpressroom%2Fstates%2Fminnesota%2Fminnesota.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Census_Bureau_QuickFacts_2022_f936-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_Bureau_QuickFacts_2022_f936_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221">"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Minnesota"</a>. <i>Census Bureau QuickFacts</i>. July 1, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127014543/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/INC110221">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Bureau+QuickFacts&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau+QuickFacts%3A+Minnesota&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2FMN%2FINC110221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ACS2016DEMO-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS2016DEMO_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213005744/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US27">"2016 American Community Survey – Demographic and Housing Estimates"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP05/0400000US27">the original</a> on February 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+American+Community+Survey+%E2%80%93+Demographic+and+Housing+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F16_5YR%2FDP05%2F0400000US27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UHC-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UHC_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UHC_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UHC_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009">"America's Health Rankings 2009"</a>. United Health Foundation. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115143839/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/MN/2009">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Health+Rankings+2009&rft.pub=United+Health+Foundation&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americashealthrankings.org%2FMN%2F2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415130000/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000">"Statemaster Health Statistics – Death Rate per 100,000"</a>. Statemaster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000">the original</a> on April 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statemaster+Health+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Death+Rate+per+100%2C000&rft.pub=Statemaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statemaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fhea_dea_rat_per_100-death-rate-per-100-000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf">"Explore Minnesota Living"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822084115/http://www.deed.state.mn.us/publications/MNLiving.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 22, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+Minnesota+Living&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Employment+and+Economic+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deed.state.mn.us%2Fpublications%2FMNLiving.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006081530/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf">"The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2- and 3-year Averages: 2003 to 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Health Insurance Coverage: 2005</i>. U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division. August 29, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin05/hi05t10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Insurance+Coverage%3A+2005&rft.atitle=The+Percentage+of+People+Without+Health+Insurance+Coverage+by+State+Using+2-+and+3-year+Averages%3A+2003+to+2005&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fwww%2Fhlthins%2Fhlthin05%2Fhi05t10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise">"Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State"</a>. Statemaster. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise">the original</a> on May 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statemaster+Health+Statistics+Physical+Exercise+by+State&rft.pub=Statemaster&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statemaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fhea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074940/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index">"Health Statistics Health Index by state"</a>. Statemaster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_hea_ind-health-index">the original</a> on May 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+Statistics+Health+Index+by+state&rft.pub=Statemaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statemaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fhea_hea_ind-health-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen,_Jeremy2018" class="citation web cs1">Olsen, Jeremy (January 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/">"Despite progress, ethnic health disparities persist in Minnesota"</a>. <i>Star Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003646/http://www.startribune.com/despite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota/468711853/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Despite+progress%2C+ethnic+health+disparities+persist+in+Minnesota&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fdespite-progress-ethnic-health-disparities-persist-in-minnesota%2F468711853%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071227004710/http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html">"Put 'Em Out: Minnesota Smoking Ban Kicks In Monday"</a>. WCCO. September 30, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcco.com/health/local_story_272145441.html">the original</a> on December 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Put+%27Em+Out%3A+Minnesota+Smoking+Ban+Kicks+In+Monday&rft.pub=WCCO&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcco.com%2Fhealth%2Flocal_story_272145441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830085610/http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html">"University of Minnesota Medical Milestones"</a>. University of Minnesota Medical School. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.umn.edu/faculty/handbook/info/home.html">the original</a> on August 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota+Medical+Milestones&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Medical+School&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.umn.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fhandbook%2Finfo%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Welbourn1990-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welbourn1990_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Burkewood_Welbourn1990" class="citation book cs1">Richard Burkewood Welbourn (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353"><i>The History of Endocrine Surgery</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 353–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92586-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92586-4"><bdi>978-0-275-92586-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906081012/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0Y9nQ9WngYC&pg=PA353">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Endocrine+Surgery&rft.pages=353-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-275-92586-4&rft.au=Richard+Burkewood+Welbourn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0Y9nQ9WngYC%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Haddy2011-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haddy2011_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_J._HaddyTheresa_B._Haddy2011" class="citation book cs1">Francis J. Haddy; Theresa B. Haddy (July 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C"><i>Minnesota Physicians in the 1862 Sioux Uprising</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-0264-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-0264-8"><bdi>978-1-4634-0264-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULCGhzS1iJ0C">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Physicians+in+the+1862+Sioux+Uprising&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4634-0264-8&rft.au=Francis+J.+Haddy&rft.au=Theresa+B.+Haddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULCGhzS1iJ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings">"Best Hospitals by Specialty"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802174741/http://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+Hospitals+by+Specialty&rft.pub=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/">"Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics"</a>. University of Minnesota Medical School. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816052039/http://www.minnesotapartnership.info/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Partnership+for+Biotechnology+and+Medical+Genomics&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Medical+School&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnesotapartnership.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/tables/12s0233.pdf">"Table 233. Educational Attainment by State: 1990 to 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017150539/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0233.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+233.+Educational+Attainment+by+State%3A+1990+to+2009&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2011%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F131ed%2Ftables%2F12s0233.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/">"Minneapolis ranked most literate city"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020104620/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Minneapolis+ranked+most+literate+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fbooks%2F2015%2F04%2F10%2Famericas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis%2F25531751%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128232133/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php">"Minnesota Democrat becomes first Muslim to win seat in Congress"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. Associated Press. November 7, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/08/america/NA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php">the original</a> on November 28, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Minnesota+Democrat+becomes+first+Muslim+to+win+seat+in+Congress&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2006%2F11%2F08%2Famerica%2FNA_POL_US_Election_Muslim.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugmire, Tim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election"><i>Minn. House: Republicans take control</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119134322/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/11/04/mn-house-election">Archived</a> November 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MPR News Staff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated"><i>Republicans take full control of Minnesota Legislature</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217230327/http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/11/08/david-hann-gop-leader-minnesota-senate-defeated">Archived</a> February 17, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Minnesota Public Radio, November 5, 2014</span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Pomante_IILi2020" class="citation journal cs1">J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Felj.2020.0666">"Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020"</a>. <i>Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 503–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Felj.2020.0666">10.1089/elj.2020.0666</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225139517">225139517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Election+Law+Journal%3A+Rules%2C+Politics%2C+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Cost+of+Voting+in+the+American+States%3A+2020&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=503-509&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Felj.2020.0666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225139517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=J.+Pomante+II&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Li%2C+Quan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1089%252Felj.2020.0666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408053528/http://www.mndaily.com/board.php">"Daily Board of Directors"</a>. The Minnesota Daily. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mndaily.com/board.php">the original</a> on April 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Board+of+Directors&rft.pub=The+Minnesota+Daily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mndaily.com%2Fboard.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/">"About MPR"</a>. Minnesota Public Radio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918172247/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/about/mpr/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+MPR&rft.pub=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminnesota.publicradio.org%2Fabout%2Fmpr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations">"MPR Stations"</a>. <i>Minnesota Public Radio</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003073337/https://www.mpr.org/listen/stations/">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=MPR+Stations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpr.org%2Flisten%2Fstations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html">"PRI factsheet"</a>. Public Radio International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218205641/http://www.pri.org/pri-facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRI+factsheet&rft.pub=Public+Radio+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fpri-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Shapiro, <i>The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest</i> (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118091528/http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2">"Recap, Flames 3, Wild 2, SO"</a>. Minnesota Wild. January 17, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wild.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=688&season=20072008&gameType=2">the original</a> on January 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recap%2C+Flames+3%2C+Wild+2%2C+SO&rft.pub=Minnesota+Wild&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwild.nhl.com%2Fteam%2Fapp%2F%3Fservice%3Dpage%26page%3DRecap%26gameNumber%3D688%26season%3D20072008%26gameType%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClub" class="citation web cs1">Club, Hazeltine National Golf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hazeltinenational.com/">"Hazeltine National Golf Club – Premier Golf Destination"</a>. <i>hazeltinenational.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816063422/http://www.hazeltinenational.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hazeltinenational.com&rft.atitle=Hazeltine+National+Golf+Club+%E2%80%93+Premier+Golf+Destination&rft.aulast=Club&rft.aufirst=Hazeltine+National+Golf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhazeltinenational.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf">"Managing for Results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minnesota DNR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406011936/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/budget/budgetpres0303.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+for+Results&rft.pub=Minnesota+DNR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.dnr.state.mn.us%2Faboutdnr%2Fbudget%2Fbudgetpres0303.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2006" class="citation web cs1">Benjamin, Robert W. (July 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730165044/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp">"Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience"</a>. Buzzle.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-15-2006-102438.asp">the original</a> on July 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ice+Fishing+can+be+a+very+exciting+experience&rft.pub=Buzzle.com&rft.date=2006-07-15&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Feditorials%2F7-15-2006-102438.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401034153/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx">"Turning Snow into Sport"</a>. <i>Explore Minnesota Experiences</i>. Minnesota Department of Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/snow/index.aspx">the original</a> on April 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explore+Minnesota+Experiences&rft.atitle=Turning+Snow+into+Sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreminnesota.com%2Fexperiences%2Foutdoors%2Fsnow%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usabandy.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>USA Bandy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211044326/http://www.usabandy.com/">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Bandy&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usabandy.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604210514/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499">"Snowmobiling Minnesota"</a>. Minnesota Department of Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreminnesota.com/story.aspx?EntityId=19499">the original</a> on June 4, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Snowmobiling+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreminnesota.com%2Fstory.aspx%3FEntityId%3D19499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080127122558/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx">"Take to the Trails! Explore Minnesota Biking"</a>. Minnesota Department of Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreminnesota.com/experiences/outdoors/biking/index.aspx">the original</a> on January 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Take+to+the+Trails%21+Explore+Minnesota+Biking&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreminnesota.com%2Fexperiences%2Foutdoors%2Fbiking%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231234219/http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx">"Superior Hiking Trail"</a>. Minnesota Department of Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreminnesota.com/things-to-do/2280/superior-hiking-trail/details.aspx">the original</a> on December 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superior+Hiking+Trail&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploreminnesota.com%2Fthings-to-do%2F2280%2Fsuperior-hiking-trail%2Fdetails.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinnesota" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097092911">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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<b>Minnesota</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Minnesota" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Minnesota">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minnesota" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Minnesota">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Minnesota" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Minnesota">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Minnesota" class="extiw" title="q:Minnesota">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Minnesota" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Minnesota">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Minnesota" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Minnesota">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Minnesota" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Minnesota">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Minnesota" class="extiw" title="voy:Minnesota">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture_and_history">Culture and history</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhs.org/">Minnesota Historical Society</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814134732/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/">Minnesota Place Names</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/">Minnesota Reflections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200643/http://reflections.mndigital.org/cdm/">Archived</a> May 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/minnesota/index.html">Minnesota State Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General">General</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Minnesota">Minnesota</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.mn.us/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022132614/http://mn.gov/indianaffairs/tribes.html">Indian Affairs Council, State of Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prairieisland.org/">Prairie Island Indian Community</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakopeedakota.org/">Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowersioux.com/">Lower Sioux Indian Community</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/">The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnchippewatribe.org/">Minnesota Chippewa Tribe</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boisforte.com/">Bois Forte Band of Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdlrez.com/">Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandportage.com/">Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llojibwe.org/">Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millelacsojibwe.org/">Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteearth.com/">White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redlakenation.org/">Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Maps_and_demographics">Maps and demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/admin/demography/">Minnesota State Demographic Center</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=27&StateName=Minnesota#.U85vdPldVu0">State Facts from USDA</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot.state.mn.us/statemap/">Minnesota State Highway Map</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/165471">Minnesota at OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism_and_recreation">Tourism and recreation</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploreminnesota.com/">Explore Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/index.html">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Minnesota#Q1527" class="extiw" title="voy:Minnesota">Minnesota</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">List of U.S. states by date of statehood</a> </b><br />Admitted on May 11, 1858 (32nd)
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_MinnesotaLand_of_10,000_Lakes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Topics_related_to_MinnesotaLand_of_10,000_Lakes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Minnesota</span><br /><i>Land of 10,000 Lakes</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Minnesota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minnesota" title="Template:Minnesota"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minnesota" title="Template talk:Minnesota"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minnesota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minnesota"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Minnesota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minnesota</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Minnesota" title="Outline of Minnesota">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Minnesota-related_articles" title="Index of Minnesota-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Minnesota" title="Outline of Minnesota">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Minnesota" title="Cycling in Minnesota">Biking/Cycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Minnesota" title="Climate of Minnesota">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Minnesota" title="Climate change in Minnesota">Climate change</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Minnesota" title="List of colleges and universities in Minnesota">Colleges and universities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota%27s_congressional_districts" title="Minnesota's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">Delegations</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Minnesota" title="Natural history of Minnesota">Ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota" title="Geography of Minnesota">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Minnesota" title="Geology of Minnesota">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hiking_trails_in_Minnesota" title="List of hiking trails in Minnesota">Hiking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Minnesota" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota">Historical Landmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Minnesota" title="List of lakes of Minnesota">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Legislature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Minnesota" title="Local government in Minnesota">Local government</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Minnesota" title="List of townships in Minnesota">Townships</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Minnesota" title="List of people from Minnesota">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Minnesota" title="List of political parties in Minnesota">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Minnesota" title="List of rivers of Minnesota">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Minnesota" title="List of school districts in Minnesota">School districts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Minnesota" title="List of high schools in Minnesota">High schools</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Minnesota" title="Scouting in Minnesota">Scouting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" title="Minnesota State Fair">State fair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Statutes" title="Minnesota Statutes">Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_parks" title="List of Minnesota state parks">State parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_symbols" title="List of Minnesota state symbols">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Minnesota">Tourist attractions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Minnesota" title="Transportation in Minnesota">Transportation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Minnesota" title="Abortion in Minnesota">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Minnesota" title="Culture of Minnesota">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Minnesota" title="Crime in Minnesota">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minnesota" title="Demographics of Minnesota">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Minnesota" title="Economy of Minnesota">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Minnesota" title="Education in Minnesota">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Minnesota">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Minnesota" title="Law of Minnesota">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Minnesota" title="Cannabis in Minnesota">Cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Minnesota" title="Gun laws in Minnesota">Guns</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Minnesota" title="LGBT rights in Minnesota">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_shows_and_movies_in_Minnesota" title="List of television shows and movies in Minnesota">Movies and TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Minnesota" title="Music of Minnesota">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Minnesota" title="List of newspapers in Minnesota">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Minnesota" title="Politics of Minnesota">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Minnesota" title="Religion in Minnesota">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Minnesota" title="Sports in Minnesota">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater in Minnesota">Theater</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota#Regions" title="Geography of Minnesota">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Region" title="Arrowhead Region">Arrowhead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters" title="Boundary Waters">Boundary Waters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Ridge" title="Buffalo Ridge">Buffalo Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Minnesota" title="Central Minnesota">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title="Coteau des Prairies">Coteau des Prairies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Dissected Till Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Driftless_Area" title="Driftless Area">Driftless Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Range" title="Iron Range">Iron Range</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Lake_Superior)" title="North Shore (Lake Superior)">North Shore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle" title="Northwest Angle">Northwest Angle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mixed_Forest_Province" title="Laurentian Mixed Forest Province">North Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipestone Region">Pipestone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Minnesota" title="Southeast Minnesota">Southeast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Twin Cities metropolitan area</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Minnesota" title="List of cities in Minnesota">Largest cities<br />pop. over 25,000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Minnesota" title="Andover, Minnesota">Andover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Valley,_Minnesota" title="Apple Valley, Minnesota">Apple Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Minnesota" title="Austin, Minnesota">Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blaine,_Minnesota" title="Blaine, Minnesota">Blaine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Center,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Center, Minnesota">Brooklyn Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Park, Minnesota">Brooklyn Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burnsville,_Minnesota" title="Burnsville, Minnesota">Burnsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chanhassen,_Minnesota" title="Chanhassen, Minnesota">Chanhassen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chaska,_Minnesota" title="Chaska, Minnesota">Chaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Coon Rapids, Minnesota">Coon Rapids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Grove,_Minnesota" title="Cottage Grove, Minnesota">Cottage Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eagan,_Minnesota" title="Eagan, Minnesota">Eagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Prairie,_Minnesota" title="Eden Prairie, Minnesota">Eden Prairie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edina,_Minnesota" title="Edina, Minnesota">Edina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elk_River,_Minnesota" title="Elk River, Minnesota">Elk River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fridley,_Minnesota" title="Fridley, Minnesota">Fridley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inver_Grove_Heights,_Minnesota" title="Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota">Inver Grove Heights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Minnesota" title="Lakeville, Minnesota">Lakeville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Grove,_Minnesota" title="Maple Grove, Minnesota">Maple Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood,_Minnesota" title="Maplewood, Minnesota">Maplewood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnetonka,_Minnesota" title="Minnetonka, Minnesota">Minnetonka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moorhead,_Minnesota" title="Moorhead, Minnesota">Moorhead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_Minnesota" title="Oakdale, Minnesota">Oakdale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Owatonna,_Minnesota" title="Owatonna, Minnesota">Owatonna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Minnesota" title="Plymouth, Minnesota">Plymouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prior_Lake,_Minnesota" title="Prior Lake, Minnesota">Prior Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_Minnesota" title="Ramsey, Minnesota">Ramsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richfield,_Minnesota" title="Richfield, Minnesota">Richfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosemount,_Minnesota" title="Rosemount, Minnesota">Rosemount</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roseville,_Minnesota" title="Roseville, Minnesota">Roseville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Park,_Minnesota" title="St. Louis Park, Minnesota">St. Louis Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Savage,_Minnesota" title="Savage, Minnesota">Savage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shakopee,_Minnesota" title="Shakopee, Minnesota">Shakopee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoreview,_Minnesota" title="Shoreview, Minnesota">Shoreview</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury,_Minnesota" title="Woodbury, Minnesota">Woodbury</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Minnesota" title="List of counties in Minnesota">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota" title="Aitkin County, Minnesota">Aitkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anoka_County,_Minnesota" title="Anoka County, Minnesota">Anoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Becker_County,_Minnesota" title="Becker County, Minnesota">Becker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beltrami_County,_Minnesota" title="Beltrami County, Minnesota">Beltrami</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Minnesota" title="Benton County, Minnesota">Benton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_County,_Minnesota" title="Big Stone County, Minnesota">Big Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Earth_County,_Minnesota" title="Blue Earth County, Minnesota">Blue Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Minnesota" title="Brown County, Minnesota">Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_County,_Minnesota" title="Carlton County, Minnesota">Carlton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carver_County,_Minnesota" title="Carver County, Minnesota">Carver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Minnesota" title="Cass County, Minnesota">Cass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_County,_Minnesota" title="Chippewa County, Minnesota">Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chisago_County,_Minnesota" title="Chisago County, Minnesota">Chisago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Minnesota" title="Clay County, Minnesota">Clay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Minnesota" title="Clearwater County, Minnesota">Clearwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Minnesota" title="Cook County, Minnesota">Cook</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cottonwood_County,_Minnesota" title="Cottonwood County, Minnesota">Cottonwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota" title="Crow Wing County, Minnesota">Crow Wing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_County,_Minnesota" title="Dakota County, Minnesota">Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_County,_Minnesota" title="Dodge County, Minnesota">Dodge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Minnesota" title="Douglas County, Minnesota">Douglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faribault_County,_Minnesota" title="Faribault County, Minnesota">Faribault</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore_County,_Minnesota" title="Fillmore County, Minnesota">Fillmore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freeborn_County,_Minnesota" title="Freeborn County, Minnesota">Freeborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goodhue_County,_Minnesota" title="Goodhue County, Minnesota">Goodhue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Minnesota" title="Grant County, Minnesota">Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Minnesota" title="Houston County, Minnesota">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_County,_Minnesota" title="Hubbard County, Minnesota">Hubbard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isanti_County,_Minnesota" title="Isanti County, Minnesota">Isanti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Itasca_County,_Minnesota" title="Itasca County, Minnesota">Itasca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Minnesota" title="Jackson County, Minnesota">Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanabec_County,_Minnesota" title="Kanabec County, Minnesota">Kanabec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kandiyohi_County,_Minnesota" title="Kandiyohi County, Minnesota">Kandiyohi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kittson_County,_Minnesota" title="Kittson County, Minnesota">Kittson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koochiching_County,_Minnesota" title="Koochiching County, Minnesota">Koochiching</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lac_qui_Parle_County,_Minnesota" title="Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota">Lac qui Parle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Minnesota" title="Lake County, Minnesota">Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods_County,_Minnesota" title="Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota">Lake of the Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Le_Sueur_County,_Minnesota" title="Le Sueur County, Minnesota">Le Sueur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Minnesota" title="Lincoln County, Minnesota">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_County,_Minnesota" title="Lyon County, Minnesota">Lyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahnomen_County,_Minnesota" title="Mahnomen County, Minnesota">Mahnomen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Minnesota" title="Marshall County, Minnesota">Marshall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Minnesota" title="Martin County, Minnesota">Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_County,_Minnesota" title="McLeod County, Minnesota">McLeod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_County,_Minnesota" title="Meeker County, Minnesota">Meeker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_County,_Minnesota" title="Mille Lacs County, Minnesota">Mille Lacs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_County,_Minnesota" title="Morrison County, Minnesota">Morrison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mower_County,_Minnesota" title="Mower County, Minnesota">Mower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Murray_County,_Minnesota" title="Murray County, Minnesota">Murray</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicollet_County,_Minnesota" title="Nicollet County, Minnesota">Nicollet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nobles_County,_Minnesota" title="Nobles County, Minnesota">Nobles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norman_County,_Minnesota" title="Norman County, Minnesota">Norman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_County,_Minnesota" title="Olmsted County, Minnesota">Olmsted</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Tail_County,_Minnesota" title="Otter Tail County, Minnesota">Otter Tail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pennington_County,_Minnesota" title="Pennington County, Minnesota">Pennington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pine_County,_Minnesota" title="Pine County, Minnesota">Pine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_County,_Minnesota" title="Pipestone County, Minnesota">Pipestone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Minnesota" title="Polk County, Minnesota">Polk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_County,_Minnesota" title="Pope County, Minnesota">Pope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_County,_Minnesota" title="Ramsey County, Minnesota">Ramsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_County,_Minnesota" title="Red Lake County, Minnesota">Red Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_County,_Minnesota" title="Redwood County, Minnesota">Redwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renville_County,_Minnesota" title="Renville County, Minnesota">Renville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rice_County,_Minnesota" title="Rice County, Minnesota">Rice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_County,_Minnesota" title="Rock County, Minnesota">Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roseau_County,_Minnesota" title="Roseau County, Minnesota">Roseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Minnesota" title="St. Louis County, Minnesota">Saint Louis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Minnesota" title="Scott County, Minnesota">Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sherburne_County,_Minnesota" title="Sherburne County, Minnesota">Sherburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_County,_Minnesota" title="Sibley County, Minnesota">Sibley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stearns_County,_Minnesota" title="Stearns County, Minnesota">Stearns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steele_County,_Minnesota" title="Steele County, Minnesota">Steele</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_County,_Minnesota" title="Stevens County, Minnesota">Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_County,_Minnesota" title="Swift County, Minnesota">Swift</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Todd_County,_Minnesota" title="Todd County, Minnesota">Todd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_County,_Minnesota" title="Traverse County, Minnesota">Traverse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wabasha_County,_Minnesota" title="Wabasha County, Minnesota">Wabasha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadena_County,_Minnesota" title="Wadena County, Minnesota">Wadena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waseca_County,_Minnesota" title="Waseca County, Minnesota">Waseca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Minnesota" title="Washington County, Minnesota">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watonwan_County,_Minnesota" title="Watonwan County, Minnesota">Watonwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilkin_County,_Minnesota" title="Wilkin County, Minnesota">Wilkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Winona_County,_Minnesota" title="Winona County, Minnesota">Winona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Minnesota" title="Wright County, Minnesota">Wright</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Medicine_County,_Minnesota" title="Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota">Yellow Medicine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/32px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/48px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/64px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="318" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Minnesota" title="Portal:Minnesota">Minnesota portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Minnesota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Minnesota" title="Template:Protected areas of Minnesota"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Minnesota" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Minnesota"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Minnesota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Minnesota"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Minnesota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minnesota</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service#National_Park_System" title="National Park Service">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs_National_Park" title="Voyageurs National Park">Voyageurs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_National_Monument" title="Grand Portage National Monument">Grand Portage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_rivers" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Mississippi National River and Recreation Area">Mississippi National River and Recreation Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_National_Scenic_Riverway" title="Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway">Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_historic_and_scenic_trails" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Scenic Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Country_Trail" title="North Country Trail">North Country Trail</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">Wildlife<br />Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge">Agassiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Big Stone National Wildlife Refuge">Big Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crane_Meadows_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Crane Meadows National Wildlife Refuge">Crane Meadows</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Ridge_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge">Glacial Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hamden_Slough_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge">Hamden Slough</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mille Lacs National Wildlife Refuge">Mille Lacs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge">Minnesota Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tallgrass_Prairie_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Northern Tallgrass Prairie National Wildlife Refuge">Northern Tallgrass Prairie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Rice Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rydell_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Rydell National Wildlife Refuge">Rydell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sherburne_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge">Sherburne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamarac_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge">Tamarac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River_National_Wildlife_and_Fish_Refuge" title="Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge">Upper Mississippi River</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Wetland<br />Management<br />Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_Wetland_Management_District" title="Big Stone Wetland Management District">Big Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lakes_Wetland_Management_District" title="Detroit Lakes Wetland Management District">Detroit Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls_Wetland_Management_District" title="Fergus Falls Wetland Management District">Fergus Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Wetland_Management_District" title="Litchfield Wetland Management District">Litchfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_Wetland_Management_District" title="Minnesota Valley Wetland Management District">Minnesota Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Wetland_Management_District" title="Morris Wetland Management District">Morris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Windom_Wetland_Management_District" title="Windom Wetland Management District">Windom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_National_Forest" title="Chippewa National Forest">Chippewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superior_National_Forest" title="Superior National Forest">Superior</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Natural Landmarks">Natural<br />Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_Gap" title="Traverse Gap">Ancient River Warren Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_Ecosystem_Science_Reserve" title="Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve">Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca Natural Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Keeley_Creek_Natural_Area" title="Keeley Creek Natural Area">Keeley Creek Natural Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lac_la_Croix_Research_Natural_Area" title="Lac la Croix Research Natural Area">Lac la Croix Research Natural Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz_Peatlands_Natural_Area" title="Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area">Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Point_Research_Natural_Area" title="Pine Point Research Natural Area">Pine Point Research Natural Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bog_State_Recreation_Area" title="Big Bog State Recreation Area">Upper Red Lake Peatland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">Wilderness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_Wilderness" title="Agassiz Wilderness">Agassiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Canoe_Area_Wilderness" title="Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness">Boundary Waters Canoe Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamarac_Wilderness" title="Tamarac Wilderness">Tamarac</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Law_and_government">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_parks" title="List of Minnesota state parks">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afton_State_Park" title="Afton State Park">Afton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banning_State_Park" title="Banning State Park">Banning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Head_Lake_State_Park" title="Bear Head Lake State Park">Bear Head Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Creek_Valley_State_Park" title="Beaver Creek Valley State Park">Beaver Creek Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stone_Lake_State_Park" title="Big Stone Lake State Park">Big Stone Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_State_Park" title="Blue Mounds State Park">Blue Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_State_Park_(Minnesota)" title="Buffalo River State Park (Minnesota)">Buffalo River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camden_State_Park" title="Camden State Park">Camden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carley_State_Park" title="Carley State Park">Carley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_River_State_Park" title="Cascade River State Park">Cascade River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lindbergh_State_Park" title="Charles A. Lindbergh State Park">Charles A. Lindbergh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_State_Park" title="Crow Wing State Park">Crow Wing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Father_Hennepin_State_Park" title="Father Hennepin State Park">Father Hennepin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flandrau_State_Park" title="Flandrau State Park">Flandrau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forestville_Mystery_Cave_State_Park" title="Forestville Mystery Cave State Park">Forestville Mystery Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ridgely_State_Park" title="Fort Ridgely State Park">Fort Ridgely</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling_State_Park" title="Fort Snelling State Park">Fort Snelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Jevne_State_Park" title="Franz Jevne State Park">Franz Jevne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_State_Park" title="Frontenac State Park">Frontenac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Crosby_Manitou_State_Park" title="George H. Crosby Manitou State Park">George H. Crosby Manitou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lakes_State_Park" title="Glacial Lakes State Park">Glacial Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glendalough_State_Park" title="Glendalough State Park">Glendalough</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gooseberry_Falls_State_Park" title="Gooseberry Falls State Park">Gooseberry Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_State_Park" title="Grand Portage State Park">Grand Portage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Bluffs_State_Park" title="Great River Bluffs State Park">Great River Bluffs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_Lake_State_Park" title="Hayes Lake State Park">Hayes Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hill-Annex_Mine_State_Park" title="Hill-Annex Mine State Park">Hill-Annex Mine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Park" title="Interstate Park">Interstate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Itasca_State_Park" title="Itasca State Park">Itasca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke_State_Park" title="Jay Cooke State Park">Jay Cooke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Latsch_State_Park" title="John A. Latsch State Park">John A. Latsch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judge_C._R._Magney_State_Park" title="Judge C. R. Magney State Park">Judge C. R. Magney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kilen_Woods_State_Park" title="Kilen Woods State Park">Kilen Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lac_qui_Parle_State_Park" title="Lac qui Parle State Park">Lac qui Parle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bemidji_State_Park" title="Lake Bemidji State Park">Lake Bemidji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bronson_State_Park" title="Lake Bronson State Park">Lake Bronson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Carlos_State_Park" title="Lake Carlos State Park">Lake Carlos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise_State_Park" title="Lake Louise State Park">Lake Louise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maria_State_Park" title="Lake Maria State Park">Lake Maria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shetek_State_Park" title="Lake Shetek State Park">Lake Shetek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vermilion-Soudan_Underground_Mine_State_Park" title="Lake Vermilion-Soudan Underground Mine State Park">Lake Vermilion-Soudan Underground Mine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood_State_Park" title="Maplewood State Park">Maplewood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/McCarthy_Beach_State_Park" title="McCarthy Beach State Park">McCarthy Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Kathio_State_Park" title="Mille Lacs Kathio State Park">Mille Lacs Kathio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minneopa_State_Park" title="Minneopa State Park">Minneopa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monson_Lake_State_Park" title="Monson Lake State Park">Monson Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Lake_State_Park" title="Moose Lake State Park">Moose Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myre-Big_Island_State_Park" title="Myre-Big Island State Park">Myre-Big Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerstrand-Big_Woods_State_Park" title="Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park">Nerstrand-Big Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mill_State_Park" title="Old Mill State Park">Old Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Lake_State_Park" title="Rice Lake State Park">Rice Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_State_Park" title="Saint Croix State Park">Saint Croix</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sakatah_Lake_State_Park" title="Sakatah Lake State Park">Sakatah Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Portage_State_Park" title="Savanna Portage State Park">Savanna Portage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_State_Park" title="Scenic State Park">Scenic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schoolcraft_State_Park" title="Schoolcraft State Park">Schoolcraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_State_Park" title="Sibley State Park">Sibley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_Creek_State_Park" title="Split Rock Creek State Park">Split Rock Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_Lighthouse_State_Park" title="Split Rock Lighthouse State Park">Split Rock Lighthouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_River_State_Park" title="Temperance River State Park">Temperance River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tettegouche_State_Park" title="Tettegouche State Park">Tettegouche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Agency" title="Upper Sioux Agency">Upper Sioux Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_State_Park" title="Whitewater State Park">Whitewater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wild_River_State_Park" title="Wild River State Park">Wild River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien_State_Park" title="William O'Brien State Park">William O'Brien</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zippel_Bay_State_Park" title="Zippel Bay State Park">Zippel Bay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Recreation<br />Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bog_State_Recreation_Area" title="Big Bog State Recreation Area">Big Bog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuyuna_Country_State_Recreation_Area" title="Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area">Cuyuna Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Island_State_Recreation_Area" title="Garden Island State Recreation Area">Garden Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Lake_State_Recreation_Area" title="Greenleaf Lake State Recreation Area">Greenleaf Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Range_Off-Highway_Vehicle_State_Recreation_Area" title="Iron Range Off-Highway Vehicle State Recreation Area">Iron Range Off-Highway Vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Salle_Lake_State_Recreation_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Salle Lake State Recreation Area (page does not exist)">La Salle Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Valley_State_Recreation_Area" title="Minnesota Valley State Recreation Area">Minnesota Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_State_Recreation_Area" title="Red River State Recreation Area">Red River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Boom_Site" title="St. Croix Boom Site">Saint Croix Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_parks#State_waysides" title="List of Minnesota state parks">Waysides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribou_River_(Minnesota)" title="Caribou River (Minnesota)">Caribou Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devils_Track_Falls_State_Wayside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devils Track Falls State Wayside (page does not exist)">Devils Track Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_Bay_State_Wayside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flood Bay State Wayside (page does not exist)">Flood Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Peak" title="Inspiration Peak">Inspiration Peak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brown_House_Ruins" title="Joseph Brown House Ruins">Joseph R. Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodonce_River_State_Wayside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodonce River State Wayside (page does not exist)">Kodonce River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Berglund_State_Wayside" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Berglund State Wayside">Ray Berglund</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Boom_Site" title="St. Croix Boom Site">St. Croix Boom Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brown_Memorial_State_Wayside" title="Sam Brown Memorial State Wayside">Sam Brown Memorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_state_forests" title="List of Minnesota state forests">Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badoura_State_Forest" title="Badoura State Forest">Badoura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battleground_State_Forest" title="Battleground State Forest">Battleground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_State_Forest" title="Bear Island State Forest">Bear Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beltrami_Island_State_Forest" title="Beltrami Island State Forest">Beltrami Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fork_State_Forest" title="Big Fork State Forest">Big Fork</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Lakes_State_Forest" title="Birch Lakes State Forest">Birch Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blackduck_State_Forest" title="Blackduck State Forest">Blackduck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bowstring_State_Forest" title="Bowstring State Forest">Bowstring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_State_Forest" title="Buena Vista State Forest">Buena Vista</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burntside_State_Forest" title="Burntside State Forest">Burntside</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centennial State Forest (page does not exist)">Centennial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chengwatana_State_Forest" title="Chengwatana State Forest">Chengwatana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloquet_Valley_State_Forest" title="Cloquet Valley State Forest">Cloquet Valley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_State_Forest" title="Crow Wing State Forest">Crow Wing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/D.A.R._State_Forest_(Minnesota)" title="D.A.R. State Forest (Minnesota)">D.A.R.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emily_State_Forest" title="Emily State Forest">Emily</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finland_State_Forest" title="Finland State Forest">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_State_Forest" title="Fond du Lac State Forest">Fond du Lac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foot_Hills_State_Forest" title="Foot Hills State Forest">Foot Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_C._C._Andrews_State_Forest" title="General C. C. Andrews State Forest">General C. C. Andrews</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_State_Forest" title="George Washington State Forest">George Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Anniversary_State_Forest" title="Golden Anniversary State Forest">Golden Anniversary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_State_Forest" title="Grand Portage State Forest">Grand Portage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hill_River_State_Forest" title="Hill River State Forest">Hill River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Huntersville_State_Forest" title="Huntersville State Forest">Huntersville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insula_Lake_State_Forest" title="Insula Lake State Forest">Insula Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_State_Forest" title="Jeanette State Forest">Jeanette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kabetogama_State_Forest" title="Kabetogama State Forest">Kabetogama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koochiching_State_Forest" title="Koochiching State Forest">Koochiching</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Isabella_State_Forest" title="Lake Isabella State Forest">Lake Isabella</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods_State_Forest" title="Lake of the Woods State Forest">Lake of the Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_o%27_Lakes_State_Forest" title="Land o' Lakes State Forest">Land o'Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lost_River_State_Forest" title="Lost River State Forest">Lost River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_State_Forest" title="Lyons State Forest">Lyons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Headwaters_State_Forest" title="Mississippi Headwaters State Forest">Mississippi Headwaters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nemadji_State_Forest" title="Nemadji State Forest">Nemadji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle_State_Forest" title="Northwest Angle State Forest">Northwest Angle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Bayle_State_Forest" title="Pat Bayle State Forest">Pat Bayle</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remer_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remer State Forest (page does not exist)">Remer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Dorer_Memorial_Hardwood_State_Forest" title="Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest">Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rum_River_State_Forest" title="Rum River State Forest">Rum River</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Croix_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Croix State Forest (page does not exist)">Saint Croix</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sand_Dunes_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sand Dunes State Forest (page does not exist)">Sand Dunes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_State_Forest" title="Savanna State Forest">Savanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokey_Bear_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smokey Bear State Forest (page does not exist)">Smokey Bear</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoky_Hills_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smoky Hills State Forest (page does not exist)">Smoky Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snake_River_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snake River State Forest (page does not exist)">Snake River</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solana_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solana State Forest (page does not exist)">Solana</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturgeon_River_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sturgeon River State Forest (page does not exist)">Sturgeon River</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two_Inlets_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two Inlets State Forest (page does not exist)">Two Inlets</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waukenabo_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waukenabo State Forest (page does not exist)">Waukenabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wealthwood_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wealthwood State Forest (page does not exist)">Wealthwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_Lake_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welsh Lake State Forest (page does not exist)">Welsh Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Earth_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Earth State Forest (page does not exist)">White Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiteface_River_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whiteface River State Forest (page does not exist)">Whiteface River</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Scientific_and_Natural_Areas" title="Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas">Scientific and<br />Natural Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Scientific_and_Natural_Areas" title="Minnesota Scientific and Natural Areas">List of scientific and natural areas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Minnesota" title="List of counties in Minnesota">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parks" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_and_regional_parks_in_Minnesota" title="List of county and regional parks in Minnesota">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_and_regional_parks_in_Minnesota" title="List of county and regional parks in Minnesota">County and regional parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Park_District" title="Three Rivers Park District">Three Rivers Park District</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society" title="Minnesota Historical Society">Minnesota<br />Historical<br />Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey_House" title="Alexander Ramsey House">Alexander Ramsey House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Coulee_Battlefield" title="Birch Coulee Battlefield">Birch Coulee Battlefield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lindbergh_State_Park" title="Charles A. Lindbergh State Park">Charles A. Lindbergh House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_House" title="Comstock House">Comstock House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_House" title="Folsom House">Folsom House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_History_Center" title="Forest History Center">Forest History Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forestville,_Minnesota" title="Forestville, Minnesota">Forestville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Renville" title="Fort Renville">Fort Renville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ridgely" title="Fort Ridgely">Fort Ridgely</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mound_(Minnesota)" title="Grand Mound (Minnesota)">Grand Mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harkin%27s_General_Store" title="Harkin's General Store">Harkin's General Store</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill_House" title="James J. Hill House">James J. Hill House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeffers_Petroglyphs" title="Jeffers Petroglyphs">Jeffers Petroglyphs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lac_qui_Parle_Mission" title="Lac qui Parle Mission">Lac qui Parle Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sioux_Agency" title="Lower Sioux Agency">Lower Sioux Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Mill" title="Marine Mill">Marine Mill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mill_City_Museum" title="Mill City Museum">Mill City Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Indian_Museum_and_Trading_Post" title="Mille Lacs Indian Museum and Trading Post">Mille Lacs Indian Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Transportation_Museum" title="Minnesota Transportation Museum">Minnehaha Depot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_History_Center" title="Minnesota History Center">Minnesota History Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_Capitol" title="Minnesota State Capitol">Minnesota State Capitol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kelley_Farm" title="Oliver Kelley Farm">Oliver Kelley Farm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Historic_Site" title="Sibley Historic Site">Sibley Historic Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Trading_Post" title="Snake River Trading Post">Snake River Trading Post</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_Lighthouse" title="Split Rock Lighthouse">Split Rock Lighthouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stumne_Mounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stumne Mounds (page does not exist)">Stumne Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_des_Sioux" title="Traverse des Sioux">Traverse des Sioux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sioux_Agency_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sioux Agency State Park">Upper Sioux Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dr._William_W._Mayo_House" title="Dr. William W. Mayo House">W. W. Mayo House</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Nature<br />centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_Minnesota" title="List of nature centers in Minnesota">List of nature centers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#c3f38d;">Hiking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hiking_trails_in_Minnesota" title="List of hiking trails in Minnesota">List of hiking trails</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Culture" title="Midwestern United States">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Physical_geography" title="Midwestern United States">Geography</a></li>
<li>Economy</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Political_trends" title="Midwestern United States">Government and politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#History" title="Midwestern United States">History</a></li>
<li>Sports</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">State capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Acadie
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Canada
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Île Royale
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Louisiane
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Terre-Neuve
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Canada
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Acadie
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Terre-Neuve
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Louisiane
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Spain" title="Template:New Spain"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain" title="Template talk:New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1521–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Seven Years' War</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with indigenous<br />peoples during colonial rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" title="Acoma Massacre">Acoma Massacre</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Revolt">Pima Revolt</a> →</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />government<br />and<br /> administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philp III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after Louis I</span>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></span>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viceroys of New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General" title="Captaincy General">Captancies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indendancies of New Spain">Intendancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Havana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">New Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Gobernaciones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor (position)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />cities,<br />provinces,<br />and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Campeche City">Campeche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Durango_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango City">Durango</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas City">Zacatecas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena (San Francisco)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California#First_Spanish_pueblo_in_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San José</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">San Diego</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">Havana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">Manila</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">Nueva Extremadura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers,<br />adventurers and<br />conquistadors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-New Spain<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and<br /><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br />in New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions<br />in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Spanish missions in Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Spanish missions in Baja California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Spanish missions in the Carolinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish missions in Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Spanish missions in Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions in Trinidad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friars, fathers,<br />priests, and bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Gante" title="Pedro de Gante">Pedro de Gante</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga" title="Juan de Zumárraga">Juan de Zumárraga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Alonso de Montúfar">Alonso de Montúfar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Mendieta" title="Gerónimo de Mendieta">Gerónimo de Mendieta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_T%C3%A1pis" title="Esteban Tápis">Esteban Tápis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Paula_Se%C3%B1an" title="José Francisco de Paula Señan">José Francisco de Paula Señan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Paieres_i_Borr%C3%A0s" title="Marià Paieres i Borràs">Mariano Payeras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Sebastián Montero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ayeta" title="Francisco de Ayeta">Francisco de Ayeta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Margil" title="Antonio Margil">Antonio Margil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Abad_y_Queipo" title="Manuel Abad y Queipo">Manuel Abad y Queipo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoamerican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">P'urhépecha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica (Southwest US)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee" title="Acaxee">Acaxee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">Indigenous people during De Soto's travels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jororo">Jororo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yustaga" title="Yustaga">Yustaga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Peoples of Palawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial style</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Colonial_architecture_by_country" title="Category:Spanish Colonial architecture by country">by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Spanish Empire">Colonial Baroque style</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonial_fortifications" title="Category:Spanish colonial fortifications">Forts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish missions in the Americas">Missions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indios</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Coyotes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Pardos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negros</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204560/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404344468">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146514191">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452152">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065846d">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065846d">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058601691006706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4101012-7">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554958805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021675">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Minnesota"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge391167&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000354426&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f5ffcc03-ebf2-466a-bb11-b38c6c0c84f5">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15927249?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045230">NARA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/258618019">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minnesota&params=46_N_94_W_dim:300000_region:US-MN_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Minnesota"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°N</span> <span class="longitude">94°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46°N 94°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46; -94</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">State of Minnesota</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>
</p></div>' |
